Saturday, August 31, 2019

Language Variation and Change in Sultanate of Oman

Language Variation and Change in Sultanate of Oman Macro-Sociolinguistics Parsa Khan Student ID # 35700-1095 Arabic, the sixth largest spoken language in the world, which consists of 186,000,000 speakers around the globe and being the central language of the Middle East, is one of the most significant languages in this century. Sultanate of Oman which is an Arab nation and its national language is standard Arabic may not make up much of those 186,000,000 speakers but it surely has and maintains an essential part in the Arabic language.In this paper I will be discussing language variation change in Oman, focusing on Gender, Social Class and Religion. I will be especially look at the change in the use of vocabulary, dialects and tone used by the people of Oman. The Sultanate of Oman which is located on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula and has borders with UAE, Saudi Arabia and Yemen is one of the biggest countries in Middle East in terms of its land area. The reason I'm sel ecting this country as my main focus is because I have lived there for almost 18 years and thus I've had the opportunity to closely interact with its people and language.The Sultanate of Oman has a very rich culture and follows the monarchy ruling approach. The first king was His highness Said Al Said and later on and till date his son, Sultan Qaboos Bin Said. In the early days, Oman was ruled by the Portuguese and then later on by the British. These two ruling parties left a huge impact on many aspects of the country, including language. Addition to that during the 19th century Oman took a lot of influence from East Africa, which included Tanzania and Kenya.Poole (2006) said † These links between East Africa and Oman are evident today African features of some Omanis and in the use of Swahili in the Sultanate, particularly among ‘Zanzibari Omanis’, who may have been born in East Africa or else can trace their family history to that region. † This influence l eads to the addition of more languages in Oman and the main one being Swahili. Other languages which are spoken all around Oman are Baluchi and Farsi and English which is also the official second language of the country. English has official approval as the second language of Oman † Poole (2006). As a result, different varieties of Arabic and different languages are spoken all around the country. Even though Oman has a low population rate compared to other Middle Eastern countries, it has number of regions in the country; Governate of Muscat, Dhakliya, Sharkiya, Wusta, Dhofar (salalah), Batinah (Sohar) and Mussandam. Muscat being the capital of the country has a cosmopolitan society which means that all types of Arabic varieties are spoken there, including Hindi as well.As the Indian Ocean is attached, Oman took a lot of influence from India and many local Omanis understand Hindi. [â€Å"Indian varieties of English used in Oman often exhibit the lilting intonation patterns so metimes labeled ‘Bombay Welsh†] Poole (2006). The other main region which is the Dhofar region has taken the Yemeni Arabic influence because Yemen's border touches the dhofar region. There is another rare dialect which exist, called the Jabali which is spoken by the people living in the mountains and â€Å"speak a variety of unique South Arabian languages that are not mutually intelligible with modern Arabic.Minority groups speak Arabic† (Anonymous). There are number of varieties which exist in the Arabic language especially in Oman but the two chief divisions of Arabic are Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. Classical Arabic is the old Arabic, which originates from the holy book, Quran. While modern standard Arabic on the other hand is used in the current era in various domains such as home and work place and media as well. This paper will be focusing more on Modern Standard Arabic in Oman.Initially when the first king was ruling the country, Oman was no t able to mark its existence strongly due to the methods the king had adopted. Few people really recognized Oman as a country and the people of Oman and the economy of Oman were not able to grow at the same level as rest of the Middle East. It was just recently when the present king took the throne; Oman was able to grow in various ways. Out of many factors which were developed immensely, I personally believe education was given the most importance by the current Sultan.At the moment Oman is ranked 126th out of 183 countries for having a literacy rate of 81. 4%. For instance there was a time when there were only two schools which were controlled by the expatriates but now Oman has number of government and private schools and universities and one huge well reputed university-Sultan Qaboos University which is funded by the Sultan. The reason I mention this fact is that I believe education plays a very important role when it comes to being fluent at any language be it even the mother t ongue.In addition to that, it supports my first main sub topic which is gender. Gender is defined is a variety of characteristics used to differentiate between  males and  females, and to sign the  masculine  and  feminine  attributes. Linking gender and Arabic will lead to other variables such as education and age which I will be discussing below. In the whole of Middle East, we can clearly see that men are usually more dominant in many aspects. However in recent times we can see a change in how women are treated and given more importance. In the case of Oman, one can see this change clearly.By promoting education, the sultan not only allowed girls to attend school but also offered them jobs in the government. This change has definitely influenced Oman as the literacy rate of women aged 15-24 in Oman rose from 75% in 1990 to 97% in 2005. (Reem Bassiouney,2009). Also currently Oman has the highest number of women ministers compared to other Arab countries. All around the word all languages have certain words which are only used on a specific gender, for example in Arabic if you want to address someone by saying â€Å"you†, we would say â€Å"inta† for a man and â€Å"inti† for a woman.Thus this establishes a difference between the two genders and the language differences that exist. In Oman, women are generally expected and seen in the household, doing regular chores and taking care of the kids. Girls are less likely to be found using slang or even vulgar ways of speaking unlike boys and especially younger adolescents. When Oman was underdeveloped and there was no sign of literacy, these women would just interact with their family members and learn whatever is being taught to them. Now things have changed and women talk and work freely. This has brought some significant changes in language use in Oman.For instance, if we compare two women from the same tribe but one is educated and lives in the city while the other still lives in the village, we will see that the tone and the words both of them use will be different. Example: the woman from the tribe would greet another lady with a long hello which will be â€Å"Asalam le kum wa rahmat ul wa bara kato† in a high pitch, while the other lady will have more of a mellow tone and greet with just â€Å"Asalam le kum†. This might not always be the case, but as far as what I have observed this is what is happening these days.Commonly women in Oman who have not been provided with formal education are likely to speak in a higher tone and perhaps use vernacular vocabulary. The men in Oman are considered to be very kind and generous in behavior. However depending to whom they are communicating, they will use certain words and even change their accent. If a group of friends are talking they will use a lot more slang, regardless of what age group they belong to but if they are talking to their elders we will see that they would use prestigious dialects an d make it formal as much as possible which is the similar case in women as well.Back in the days, men would interact in a more strong tone with harsh words which in today's modern Oman it might be considered as rude as well but this was just a way of expressing the masculine side and power of the man. Jones and Ridout (2005) found † [Of equal importance in the discussion of recent developments that follows below is what Fredrik Earth characterizes as Omani male society's powerfully internalised â€Å"ideology of politeness,†4 which turns out to be more than just a matter of superficial grace and elegance, but integral to a sense of social identity†]The next topic we will be focusing on is social class. In Oman ones identity and from where which tribe or family one belongs to, has tremendous importance for the people. Omanis do not have the caste system but have a hierarchy of families, which divides people and as a result shows where they belong socially. The top of the hierarchy we have the Saids, which come directly from the Sultans family. Under them we have the Al Busaidis and so on. In Oman a person's social status is judged by identifying which tribal family one belongs to.The use of language in these different tribes only starts varying if we keep going down in hierarchy. The group belonging on the top uses the prestigious Arabic consisting of modern standard Arabic, while the lower class would use the Bedouin Arabic. Aside from Arabic, we will focus more on English under this topic. As mentioned above, English has been made the second official language of Oman after Arabic due to various reasons which is one of the main language change we can see in this society.Even though I have observed, most omanis including the youth are not able to speak English fluently. Speaking English in Oman, reflects your social standing and education level, so if one speaks English fluently he or she is considered to be from the upper class. As (jabour,. . ) found English language is associated with many stereotypes and issues. Social status and levels are also associated with learning English. Wealthy people take advantage of their high status in most aspects of life whether in employment or education.Many wealthy people may have lower score on their national exams, but may still get access to higher educational opportunities and in turn develop better English skills by virtue of their class standing. From the above findings we can clearly see that English in the omani society has a lot of importance as it is connected with one being educated, getting a better job and just generally being respected in the society. Islam is the official religion of Oman and most of the population consists of Ibadhis followed by Sunnis and the Shias.According to US department of state † Non-Ibadhi and non-Sunni religious communities individually constitute less than 5 percent of the population and include various groups of Shiite Muslims, Hindu s, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians† (Oman, International Religious Report,2007). As known the language used in Islam is Classical Arabic in holy book of Quran and hadiths and thus even regional ceremonies and prayer classical Arabic used. According to Reem Bassiouney, In Arab countries, religion is not seen as an individual's personal choice but more as person's identity and â€Å"family affilation†. 2009). Thus we will not see a huge change or variation in religion in Oman. Addition one other main reason is that unlike other religions such as Hinduism or Christianity which have different holy books, Islam only follows one book since the origin of the religion and till now. This gives less chance for the language used in religion to change. Having said that, we can still point out minor details the three Islamic groups have. As Hoffman (2004) found â€Å"Ibadhi Muslims complain that although they read the literature of all sects, non-Ibadis hardly ever look at Ibadhi literature†.This shows that even though this group has their own work, not many people are aware of it and thus the new generation just follows and reads what the sunnis and shites have provided which leads to less variation between language use. According to western thinking, Islamic women are suppose be covered at all times and just working at home at all times. Addition that it is also interpreted that Islam does not have any women right and that they are always under mens authority.To change such concepts from the peoples mind and show them the true role and Islamic women has, many educated Omani women wanted to take the advantage of knowing English language to tell and explain the other societies what they do not know about them. They would like to share why they believe in Islam and what they see as the real message behind the religion. They expressed concern over how the media is delivering a distorted picture of Islam and over the lack of awareness about the prophet Mo hamed, his life, and his morals. Jabur,2008) In conclusion I think that there has been number of language changes in Oman in many aspects. In Arabic itself and the use of English language all over the country is the main change one can notice in this society. Oman as a country is very much stable, compared to other Middle Eastern countries and is developing in various ways which gives the people of Oman the opportunity to learn and diversify themselves more. The importance of education in this country will surely make Oman stand out and this shows the beginning of a successful nation.However we can say that this is just the beginning and in future we are likely to see more language changes in this society due to more exposure the people will get and the recent boom in tourism. More influences from different societies will occur and Oman will be an impressive cosmopolitan society. As I was conducting my research on this paper I also realized that not many research and studies have be en performed on Oman, which indirectly shows that a lot more is yet to be discovered and can be learned from this nation. I expect that the English language will be the dominate language in Oman within a few decades.Sadly to say, the Arabic language might lose its users, its elegance, and its influence on the Arabic culture and individuals, but English might help them in overcoming their obstacles and constraints. (Jabour,2008). This last statement leaves the reader with a thought provoking feeling that maybe the country which is known to keep its tradition and values intact is losing its official language while on the quest of developing as and educated society. On a personal note I disagree as living in this society I strongly believe that Omanis, no matter how educated or modern they get will always remember their mother tongue and Language Variation and Change in Sultanate of Oman Language Variation and Change in Sultanate of Oman Macro-Sociolinguistics Parsa Khan Student ID # 35700-1095 Arabic, the sixth largest spoken language in the world, which consists of 186,000,000 speakers around the globe and being the central language of the Middle East, is one of the most significant languages in this century. Sultanate of Oman which is an Arab nation and its national language is standard Arabic may not make up much of those 186,000,000 speakers but it surely has and maintains an essential part in the Arabic language.In this paper I will be discussing language variation change in Oman, focusing on Gender, Social Class and Religion. I will be especially look at the change in the use of vocabulary, dialects and tone used by the people of Oman. The Sultanate of Oman which is located on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula and has borders with UAE, Saudi Arabia and Yemen is one of the biggest countries in Middle East in terms of its land area. The reason I'm sel ecting this country as my main focus is because I have lived there for almost 18 years and thus I've had the opportunity to closely interact with its people and language.The Sultanate of Oman has a very rich culture and follows the monarchy ruling approach. The first king was His highness Said Al Said and later on and till date his son, Sultan Qaboos Bin Said. In the early days, Oman was ruled by the Portuguese and then later on by the British. These two ruling parties left a huge impact on many aspects of the country, including language. Addition to that during the 19th century Oman took a lot of influence from East Africa, which included Tanzania and Kenya.Poole (2006) said † These links between East Africa and Oman are evident today African features of some Omanis and in the use of Swahili in the Sultanate, particularly among ‘Zanzibari Omanis’, who may have been born in East Africa or else can trace their family history to that region. † This influence l eads to the addition of more languages in Oman and the main one being Swahili. Other languages which are spoken all around Oman are Baluchi and Farsi and English which is also the official second language of the country. English has official approval as the second language of Oman † Poole (2006). As a result, different varieties of Arabic and different languages are spoken all around the country. Even though Oman has a low population rate compared to other Middle Eastern countries, it has number of regions in the country; Governate of Muscat, Dhakliya, Sharkiya, Wusta, Dhofar (salalah), Batinah (Sohar) and Mussandam. Muscat being the capital of the country has a cosmopolitan society which means that all types of Arabic varieties are spoken there, including Hindi as well.As the Indian Ocean is attached, Oman took a lot of influence from India and many local Omanis understand Hindi. [â€Å"Indian varieties of English used in Oman often exhibit the lilting intonation patterns so metimes labeled ‘Bombay Welsh†] Poole (2006). The other main region which is the Dhofar region has taken the Yemeni Arabic influence because Yemen's border touches the dhofar region. There is another rare dialect which exist, called the Jabali which is spoken by the people living in the mountains and â€Å"speak a variety of unique South Arabian languages that are not mutually intelligible with modern Arabic.Minority groups speak Arabic† (Anonymous). There are number of varieties which exist in the Arabic language especially in Oman but the two chief divisions of Arabic are Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. Classical Arabic is the old Arabic, which originates from the holy book, Quran. While modern standard Arabic on the other hand is used in the current era in various domains such as home and work place and media as well. This paper will be focusing more on Modern Standard Arabic in Oman.Initially when the first king was ruling the country, Oman was no t able to mark its existence strongly due to the methods the king had adopted. Few people really recognized Oman as a country and the people of Oman and the economy of Oman were not able to grow at the same level as rest of the Middle East. It was just recently when the present king took the throne; Oman was able to grow in various ways. Out of many factors which were developed immensely, I personally believe education was given the most importance by the current Sultan.At the moment Oman is ranked 126th out of 183 countries for having a literacy rate of 81. 4%. For instance there was a time when there were only two schools which were controlled by the expatriates but now Oman has number of government and private schools and universities and one huge well reputed university-Sultan Qaboos University which is funded by the Sultan. The reason I mention this fact is that I believe education plays a very important role when it comes to being fluent at any language be it even the mother t ongue.In addition to that, it supports my first main sub topic which is gender. Gender is defined is a variety of characteristics used to differentiate between  males and  females, and to sign the  masculine  and  feminine  attributes. Linking gender and Arabic will lead to other variables such as education and age which I will be discussing below. In the whole of Middle East, we can clearly see that men are usually more dominant in many aspects. However in recent times we can see a change in how women are treated and given more importance. In the case of Oman, one can see this change clearly.By promoting education, the sultan not only allowed girls to attend school but also offered them jobs in the government. This change has definitely influenced Oman as the literacy rate of women aged 15-24 in Oman rose from 75% in 1990 to 97% in 2005. (Reem Bassiouney,2009). Also currently Oman has the highest number of women ministers compared to other Arab countries. All around the word all languages have certain words which are only used on a specific gender, for example in Arabic if you want to address someone by saying â€Å"you†, we would say â€Å"inta† for a man and â€Å"inti† for a woman.Thus this establishes a difference between the two genders and the language differences that exist. In Oman, women are generally expected and seen in the household, doing regular chores and taking care of the kids. Girls are less likely to be found using slang or even vulgar ways of speaking unlike boys and especially younger adolescents. When Oman was underdeveloped and there was no sign of literacy, these women would just interact with their family members and learn whatever is being taught to them. Now things have changed and women talk and work freely. This has brought some significant changes in language use in Oman.For instance, if we compare two women from the same tribe but one is educated and lives in the city while the other still lives in the village, we will see that the tone and the words both of them use will be different. Example: the woman from the tribe would greet another lady with a long hello which will be â€Å"Asalam le kum wa rahmat ul wa bara kato† in a high pitch, while the other lady will have more of a mellow tone and greet with just â€Å"Asalam le kum†. This might not always be the case, but as far as what I have observed this is what is happening these days.Commonly women in Oman who have not been provided with formal education are likely to speak in a higher tone and perhaps use vernacular vocabulary. The men in Oman are considered to be very kind and generous in behavior. However depending to whom they are communicating, they will use certain words and even change their accent. If a group of friends are talking they will use a lot more slang, regardless of what age group they belong to but if they are talking to their elders we will see that they would use prestigious dialects an d make it formal as much as possible which is the similar case in women as well.Back in the days, men would interact in a more strong tone with harsh words which in today's modern Oman it might be considered as rude as well but this was just a way of expressing the masculine side and power of the man. Jones and Ridout (2005) found † [Of equal importance in the discussion of recent developments that follows below is what Fredrik Earth characterizes as Omani male society's powerfully internalised â€Å"ideology of politeness,†4 which turns out to be more than just a matter of superficial grace and elegance, but integral to a sense of social identity†]The next topic we will be focusing on is social class. In Oman ones identity and from where which tribe or family one belongs to, has tremendous importance for the people. Omanis do not have the caste system but have a hierarchy of families, which divides people and as a result shows where they belong socially. The top of the hierarchy we have the Saids, which come directly from the Sultans family. Under them we have the Al Busaidis and so on. In Oman a person's social status is judged by identifying which tribal family one belongs to.The use of language in these different tribes only starts varying if we keep going down in hierarchy. The group belonging on the top uses the prestigious Arabic consisting of modern standard Arabic, while the lower class would use the Bedouin Arabic. Aside from Arabic, we will focus more on English under this topic. As mentioned above, English has been made the second official language of Oman after Arabic due to various reasons which is one of the main language change we can see in this society.Even though I have observed, most omanis including the youth are not able to speak English fluently. Speaking English in Oman, reflects your social standing and education level, so if one speaks English fluently he or she is considered to be from the upper class. As (jabour,. . ) found English language is associated with many stereotypes and issues. Social status and levels are also associated with learning English. Wealthy people take advantage of their high status in most aspects of life whether in employment or education.Many wealthy people may have lower score on their national exams, but may still get access to higher educational opportunities and in turn develop better English skills by virtue of their class standing. From the above findings we can clearly see that English in the omani society has a lot of importance as it is connected with one being educated, getting a better job and just generally being respected in the society. Islam is the official religion of Oman and most of the population consists of Ibadhis followed by Sunnis and the Shias.According to US department of state † Non-Ibadhi and non-Sunni religious communities individually constitute less than 5 percent of the population and include various groups of Shiite Muslims, Hindu s, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Christians† (Oman, International Religious Report,2007). As known the language used in Islam is Classical Arabic in holy book of Quran and hadiths and thus even regional ceremonies and prayer classical Arabic used. According to Reem Bassiouney, In Arab countries, religion is not seen as an individual's personal choice but more as person's identity and â€Å"family affilation†. 2009). Thus we will not see a huge change or variation in religion in Oman. Addition one other main reason is that unlike other religions such as Hinduism or Christianity which have different holy books, Islam only follows one book since the origin of the religion and till now. This gives less chance for the language used in religion to change. Having said that, we can still point out minor details the three Islamic groups have. As Hoffman (2004) found â€Å"Ibadhi Muslims complain that although they read the literature of all sects, non-Ibadis hardly ever look at Ibadhi literature†.This shows that even though this group has their own work, not many people are aware of it and thus the new generation just follows and reads what the sunnis and shites have provided which leads to less variation between language use. According to western thinking, Islamic women are suppose be covered at all times and just working at home at all times. Addition that it is also interpreted that Islam does not have any women right and that they are always under mens authority.To change such concepts from the peoples mind and show them the true role and Islamic women has, many educated Omani women wanted to take the advantage of knowing English language to tell and explain the other societies what they do not know about them. They would like to share why they believe in Islam and what they see as the real message behind the religion. They expressed concern over how the media is delivering a distorted picture of Islam and over the lack of awareness about the prophet Mo hamed, his life, and his morals. Jabur,2008) In conclusion I think that there has been number of language changes in Oman in many aspects. In Arabic itself and the use of English language all over the country is the main change one can notice in this society. Oman as a country is very much stable, compared to other Middle Eastern countries and is developing in various ways which gives the people of Oman the opportunity to learn and diversify themselves more. The importance of education in this country will surely make Oman stand out and this shows the beginning of a successful nation.However we can say that this is just the beginning and in future we are likely to see more language changes in this society due to more exposure the people will get and the recent boom in tourism. More influences from different societies will occur and Oman will be an impressive cosmopolitan society. As I was conducting my research on this paper I also realized that not many research and studies have be en performed on Oman, which indirectly shows that a lot more is yet to be discovered and can be learned from this nation. I expect that the English language will be the dominate language in Oman within a few decades.Sadly to say, the Arabic language might lose its users, its elegance, and its influence on the Arabic culture and individuals, but English might help them in overcoming their obstacles and constraints. (Jabour,2008). This last statement leaves the reader with a thought provoking feeling that maybe the country which is known to keep its tradition and values intact is losing its official language while on the quest of developing as and educated society. On a personal note I disagree as living in this society I strongly believe that Omanis, no matter how educated or modern they get will always remember their mother tongue and

Friday, August 30, 2019

Cause and Effect About Students Attendance

There are many types of students in terms of attendance, reactivity with class activity and submitting assignment. In this topic we are only interested in students who usually attend and they are divided into three groups, the first is students who arrive before the lecture begins, the second, which I think is the best, are students who arrive on the time of starting the lecture, the third are puncture students who arrive after the beginning of the class disturbing students and lecturer. In this essay we are going to look at each group's positive and negative sides and what advantages they have. First type of students is the type who wants to get early to classes. This type of students will have to break their sleep and what may be a nice dream just to be there a few minutes earlier. However he will have good advantages, the first is that they can relax on their breakfast with a cup of tea or coffee. The second is they will not have to rush on their way to the university and will not face a lot of crowd if the lecture is during early morning. Finally, students who get early to classes will have enough time to review the previous lecture which may result in better understanding for the next one. The second type of students is students who get to classes on time. They and students who get early will be able to freely choose their seats. They also will be able to catch almost all information their instructor says. However they will not be as relaxed as students who come early. The last type is students who come late to classes. The only positive side for them is they can stay late at night because they have decided on coming late which means they do not have to wake up early, nevertheless, they themselves know that what they are doing is wrong but they are just ignoring it. We all know that students who arrive late to classes are over speeding because the moment they realize their state they stop thinking the right way and just focus on getting there with new highest record to avoid any reproach from the instructor and forgetting about the high probability of getting into argument with a cop because of any traffic contravention they did or involving in accident which will keep them even more delayed. When they arrive, they firstly will disturb the other students' attention then, they notice that they have missed a lot of information which may be very important so they will ask students around them and eventually disturbing and cause noise in the class affecting the other students. In my opinion, students who usually arrive to classes on time are the best, because they get many positive points by being in the middle of both sides.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Bonifacio Movies Summary

The film then brings us to the present-day, in the gymnasium of a Catholic high school with a typical scene of bullying. A graduating student with altruistic values, as played by Daniel Patella, steps in. It promises an interesting storyline of parallel values but as the saying goes, promises are meant to broken. Together with two other students and a curator of a museum dedicated to Boniface, they uncover history through documents, to support the accuracy Of the claims the film presents. They serve not only as unnecessary narrators but also represent the inspired youth and dedicated historians, as expendable anchors to reality. There is not much progression with these one-shots as they interweave and later interrupt much of the dramatic storytelling reeking the inertia, and blemishing an already excellent biopic. (It is the intention of the reviewer to point this out early on so that the reader can opt to tune out these jarring moments, hoping to bring a greater appreciation of the film. On a certain level, Boniface: Nag Unsung Pangolin is a symbiotic mengage trots among Andrea Boniface, played by a subdued Robin Patella until the character goes in fits of rage and control is lost; Gregorian Aryans De Jesus, suited by Avian Morale, whose story relevance grows in time; and the country, particularly the nations persecuted masses. The first part cements heir common love for justice and social upheaval. Further tribulations in family affairs in the latter sections gave their love story an alluring kind of sadness as unfortunately; this has been Andresens only rock in his untimely demise.For this layer alone, it already provides a compelling drama, the beef in the burger patty. This patty becomes heavier and juicier with the other meatier layers and astounding audio-visual elements that gives its distinguishing flavor. The personal and historical highlights can be arranged to three chronological sets of discovery. Benefactions active involvement in the event stems from his spirit grown from the seeds left by the death of the Sombrero, and a fellow nationalist, DRP. Jose Racial, exemplary enlivened by Jericho Resale from line delivery to deft hand gestures.A beautifully lighted meeting between the imprisoned Racial, radiating in blue hue, and Boniface, in orange, not only intensifies their opposing actions and philosophies but also foreshadows the first acts end where Boniface steps up as the leader of a new movement set on a more violent approach to freedom. The endearing cinematography is also introduced with a nun-directional camera work mooing out from Racial to a long table filled by intently listening members of La Alga Filipino, an early prototypical movement that failed to set off, signifying his influence and magnitude of his intellect.This is contrasted near the end of the act with a circular directionless round table discussion, stopping with Boniface, as he assumes responsibility, gaining power from the trust of his peers. This kind of camera trail to display the influence of a notable hero is again used with Continual prior to the third act as he draws much of his power from influence by his peers, illustrating a different Continual that is either pure good nor demonic evil. The first act culminates on natural daylight as the Justinian emerges from the shadows of the caves of Montanan, where they are not just individual sources of light but now a force to reckon with.Interspersed with this scene, a digital vector animation of the myth of Bernard Carpi is played, as a homage to the Filipino grassroots inspiration of Justinian and also as a warning for the future Andrea to face. The pattern of light encompassing not the characters persona, then progressing to break the monotonous dark atmosphere is a consistent lawless style, repeated throughout the next two acts, with the second leading to the iconic Jigsaw as Pagan Lawn (Cry of Pagan Lawn), which wages battles Of life and death and not just mere prop aganda for the minds.For the final act, a well-choreographed night ambush, a quasi-climax that is a Pyrrhic victory in retrospect, gives the necessary energy for the painstakingly emotional yet horrifying death that comes to our hero whose only mistake is loving too much and being busy in seeking the light amidst the personal agendas who claim to seek the same. A reverse of the setup on light and dark rather emphasizes the dreadful truth, with the reflection of the light from the moon punctuating the ironic somber ending. The third act may have ended in the past but its continuation in the present shows the results of the revolution. A well-illuminated world, as opposed to the foremost gloom in the initial scenes, is a product of the blood-drenched revolution that is note over. Soon after, the narration poses a question and some insights that would again boil down to the final scene of rising action that takes place in the heart of the revolution. With the skillful mingling of chiaroscuro as part of its interrogatory, fascinating marriage of screenplay and drama, subtle political machinations and societal factors trapping our forlorn hero, Boniface: Nag Unsung Pangolin is a layered tragic love story to the country that will always be relevant in the age of revisionism.A good metric of this is how it is able to move individuals, people, a nation with or without the recognition of passion more than a century after offering an incomparable sacrifice. Summary of the Movie El Presidents The story is told in flashbacks as Emilio Continual thanks the US government for giving him the opportunity to attend the full restor ation of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946. The film begins with his capture by Philippine and IIS forces under Frederick Functions command in 1901 , then flashes back to 1 886, when an old woman gives Continual and childhood friend Candida Tirana cryptic prophecies.Ten years later, Continual is inducted into the Justinian and later assumes leadership of its Cavity chapter while becoming mayor of Cavity El Viejo. When trouble breaks out in Manila in late August 1896, Continual tries to assure the Spanish provincial government of non-interference and covertly marshals his forces despite a lack of weapons. Learning that the Spanish costly put their forces in Manila, Continual finally mobiles his troops and take the fight to Spanish troops in Cavity.As the rebels gain ground in Cavity and several provinces, its Magical and Managing factions convene to elect a provisional government. Andrea Boniface oversees the Testers Convention, which elects Continual as president, Marino Trial as vice-president, and himself as interior minister. He storms out of the convention when Daniel Tirana objects to his election. Gondolas brother Scrupulous informs him of his accession and convinces him to leave his troops just as he was seeking to defend against the Spaniards at Passing Santos.The rebels are defeated and Scrupulous is killed. Meanwhile, an embittered Boniface establishes his own revolutionary government and is later arrested. Continual is concerned about Benefactions actions and wanted him exiled, but the War Council advises his execution. Several months later, Continual leaves Cavity with most of his forces intact and makes it to Bias-an-Boat in Vulcan, where he signs the Pact of Bias-an- Boat and heads for Hong Kong.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Consumers Perspectives of Mental Health Care Essay

Consumers Perspectives of Mental Health Care - Essay Example This is known as consumer participation and simply refers to participation of consumers (mental illness patients) in the formal or informal development of plans, models of delivery, implementation and appraisal of the entire realm of activities that form mental health care. What really are the benefits and limitations of consumer participation in provision of mental health care? This study seeks to provide the answers to this question and the approach undertaken will be a review of literature focusing on the perspectives of researchers, policy makers, nursing text and relevant consumer accounts. This will be followed by a summary of the findings which will inform the conclusion of the essay. Benefits and Disadvantages of Consumer participation in Mental Healthcare The best way to study this is to establish the perspectives of the various stakeholders in mental healthcare i.e. consumers, carers, researchers, policy makers and health professionals. Timimi (2011, p. 4) weighs the import ance of the psychotherapeutic model adopted by healthcare professionals in terms of positive outcomes and indicates that the outcome is not significantly related to the psychotherapeutic technique selected instead stating that a strong therapeutic alliance with the patient is of primary importance. This is evidence-based as opposed to traditional expertise that places primary importance on mental healthcare under the paradigms of making a diagnosis and implementing treatment. Of particular note is that both biomedical and psychological aspects (for instance use of antidepressants and cognitive behaviour therapy respectively) have been studied and found to bear similar improvements on patients and no significant differences in terms of outcomes regardless of the technique used. One such study involved groups of depression patients treated with CBT, Interpersonal Therapy, antidepressants and placebos and the results indicated significant improvements in all the cases and no significan t differences between the first three versus the placebo group. The underlining factor evidenced by this study was the quality of the relationship between the therapist and the patient as perceived by the patient in the early phases of treatment. The conclusions from such studies and meta-analyses is that the treatment is important in placing the consumer in a given psychological state that is important for their healing especially as evidenced by the fact that such treatments are efficacious across several conditions regardless of diagnosis. The important cross-cutting factor during treatment instead lies in the therapeutic alliance between the patient and the therapist. Hence a good relationship with the prescribing doctor is far more important for a positive response to the treatment implemented than just merely offering the drug (Timimi 2011, p. 5). This study importantly points us to the role of the patient in treatment and thus participation. Griffith and Jenkins (2004, pp. 41 -50) conducted a study to find out the perceived advantages and disadvantages of consumer participation in mental healthcare research and inferred a number of pros and cons based on the views of the various stakeholders. The general view across all groups was an agreement that consumer participation led to improved health outcomes and improved services to the patients. Involving consumers was found to result in consumer empowerment through acknowledgement of their expertise,

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Zeus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Zeus - Research Paper Example His ways are inscrutable and his mind too is opaque, but given that the literature says that all things happen only because Zeus allow them to happen. Conversely that nothing comes to pass without him. This is true for instance as a view of Zeus as reflected in Aeschylus plays, in particular in the ‘Agamemnon’. He is all seeing, and he is the one who is at the back of everything that transpires not only among men but among gods too. He is the supreme ruler in Greek mythology (Dowden 3). The inscrutable aspect of Zeus is affirmed in the literature, from Homer to Aeschylus to the various philosophers who tried to decipher his nature and failed Instead he is portrayed as having very human qualities and traits, including those traits that are in the realm of the baser aspects of human nature, such as lust, and the propensity for rage, and for revenge for different kinds of slights. On the other hand, his power is supreme over all things on heaven and on earth, and the ways of the universe themselves are a testament to his brand of justice and the immensity of his power. On the other hand, that power is seen as being wielded by a god who is at times filled with whimsy, or so as it is interpreted by human beings (Dowden 4). The mythological stories from ancient Greece tell us that Zeus was born in Crete, to Rhea and to Kronos,who tried to swallow him whole, but who was prevented from doing so by his own wife. This Rhea did by swapping the young Zeus with a stone. The Curetes, dancing wildly to mask the cries of the young Zeus, prevent the father from hearing the baby Zeus. They become Zeus’ guardians, together with Amaltheia, a goat, Kronos is bound, but the Titans try to launch a counter-revolt known as the Titanomachy, to shore up Kronos’ hold on power, and the Titans were essentially held and confined to Tartarus. Other revolts were likewise quelled, including those by the giants, and those like Typhon the

Monday, August 26, 2019

The US Video Game Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The US Video Game Market - Essay Example The rapid technological development in the platform contributes to the video game market. During August 2008, Nintendo Wii console still holds the top notch with sales of 453,000 units (Haskins 2008). On the other hand, consumers purchase 518,000 units of portable Nintendo DS Systems. Next are Sony PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3 consoles with sold 253,000 and 185,400 units, respectively. Last is Microsoft Xbox with sales of 195,200 during the same period. Looking at year on year performance, Sony's consoles are showing the most robust growth (Haskins 2008). The market for video games is evolving to become a family oriented activity instead of just being an occupation of hobbyist. The expansion then is through the involvement of more adult gamers. The sale of game product in aged 25-34 jumped by 63.4% from 2006-2007 surpassing the 42% recorded for 18-24 market group (Emigh 2008). The most suitable project manager for this project should have a strong marketing and economics background in order to understand the issues of the still growing video game market. The knowledge in marketing will enable the manager to analyze trends and their implications together with the movement in demand. Having an in-depth understanding of marketing techniques will enable the manager to interpret where the market is going through an analysis of the strategies employed by competing players.

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Procurement Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Procurement - Coursework Example Although enacted more than a decade later the Procurement Law was designed to arrest if not prevent a repeat of the era which was considered the lowest ebb the construction industry have experience in the United Kingdom. Although generally applicable in construction project where the government is the primary client, both reports take into consideration one important aspect in construction projects that is the satisfaction of the client. This report shall tackle the procurement process in construction that is designed to deliver projects that will not only address the needs of the clients but also satisfy the requirements of the other leading proponents of the project. This report shall describe the differences and nuances of the different procurement route that is available in the construction industry to achieve the common goals of the clients, the project proponents and the organization tasked to carry out the project to its completion. This report shall likewise attempt to design or come up with a strategic procurement route that could be a hybrid or a combination of the different procurement route that is available to better achieve the requirement of the Principal of Heriot Watt University (HWU). ... This report shall tackle the procurement process in construction that is designed to deliver projects that will not only address the needs of the clients but also satisfy the requirements of the other leading proponents of the project. This report shall describe the differences and nuances of the different procurement route that is available in the construction industry to achieve the common goals of the clients, the project proponents and the organization tasked to carry out the project to its completion. This report shall likewise attempt to design or come up with a strategic procurement route that could be a hybrid or a combination of the different procurement route that is available to better achieve the requirement of the Principal of Heriot Watt University (HWU). The client in this case the Principal of Heriot Watt University (HWU) is contemplating to build a new auditorium, with 200 seats, high specification multimedia theatre with air conditioning and comfortable tiered seati ng that can provide excellent visibility. The auditorium will feature a full size interactive screen and computer driven presentation facilities perfect for conference, lectures and presentations. In developing the best procurement strategy for this requirement a prime consideration would be the complimenting or convergence of technology and the civil construction aspect that would provide the best comfort for the auditorium’s users. A Strategic Approach to Procurement In previous years, the construction industry has taken a passive stance in the delivery of its service to its client that could be from the public or private sector. This resulted not only to failed projects but extremely dissatisfied clients even if the organizations tasked to construct these projects only

Expected effects of the 2022 Fifa World Cup on Qatars economy Term Paper

Expected effects of the 2022 Fifa World Cup on Qatars economy - Term Paper Example This will strengthen Qatar’s national economy which shows a striking and buoyant performance amid slothful global conditions. In 2010, Qatar registered a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 14.0 %. The country projected that in 2011 the GDP would hit a 15.8 % mark. This steady growth in GDP presents Qatar as the fastest in economic growth among GCC region (Qatar First Investment Bank 4). Qatar is expected to benefit a lot from tourists’ activities. The estimate of the visitors in Qatar amounts to about half million people. This is largest number of tourism representing about a third of Qatar’s population. Due to this large numbers of tourists, Qatar intends to construct 90,000 hotels and restaurants. This surpasses FIFA’s requirement for Qatar to have 65,000 hotel rooms (Oxford Business Group 281). The country expects to receive many foreign funds from the visitors which will boost the growth of well performing economy. According to neoclassical growth theory, the explosion of population will lead to high Gross Domestic Product (Barclay 66). Doha has already witnessed 65% of total visitors that come from corporate sector. The overnight stays are expected to generate a lot of revenues for Qatar. Tourism industry anticipates raising the occupancy rates in order to capitalize on the FIFA World Cup. The basis of this expectation is from 2011 when hosted AFC Asian Cup. The large number f fans increased the rate of hotels to about 24 %. This was a remarkable rise when compared to the year 2010 (Oxford Business Group 285). The retailers expect to amass a lot of money from the sales. This is due to increased domestic and foreign consumption Qatar will refurbish her infrastructure to meet the FIFA standards. The country plans to use 100 billion US dollars to expand and construct new system of infrastructure. Some of expected infrastructural changes will feature stadiums, roads, communication systems, airports, and places of accommodation. Doha airport is under

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Challenges and responses in housing management Essay

Challenges and responses in housing management - Essay Example In addition to that the dissertation will also include the responses that the housing management system or process have received. This proposal attempts to provide a clear understanding regarding the main dissertation. It includes a proper description of the research question. Other crucial details regarding the dissertation are also included in the proposal. The proposed dissertation will attempt to address the two above mentioned research questions. The main objective of this research will be to identify and analyze the challenges that the housing management system or process have been facing throughout the world. This research will aim to gain insight of these challenges. In addition to that another major objective of this research is to find out the responses that the idea of housing management has received till now. The research will focus on the organizations that are associated with housing management and the responses that they have received so far from the society as a whole. The concept of housing management was first seen as an area of practice during the period of 1860 to 1864. At the present global scenario housing management is referred to â€Å"the management of all the present and potential housing resources of an area so as to contain and ameliorate, as well as to eliminate, its inherent problems† (Chiu, 2007). Challenges to housing management in the present global society may come from various sources. Challenges can be in the form of political, financial, social as well as legal. In addition to that challenges may arise due to lack of infrastructure. Like various challenges, there are different types of responses that the housing management system has been receiving throughout the world. All the literatures that are related to housing management and the challenges that it has been facing over the past few years, will be described in the dissertation. During the process of search of relevant literature both

Friday, August 23, 2019

Audit and Accountability. Questions and answers Essay

Audit and Accountability. Questions and answers - Essay Example Under the accounting standards directors are required to: a) Make an appraisal regarding the ability of the company to carry on as a going concern; and b) To make sure, about the uncertainties regarding a company’s ability to carry on as a going concern. These are sufficiently revealed in the financial statements. Directors should also- 1. Apply a suitable degree of rigidity and procedure while making their conclusions to decide whether the business is feasible in going ahead with its objectives. 2. To plan assessment as early as possible, to keep the auditor in preparing financial statements on basis of going concern. 3. Draft disclosures before time, if needed be. 4. Take account of subsequent developments before time and not just on the financial reporting date or yearend date. The Auditor’s Responsibility: The responsibility of an auditor is †¢ To consider, the suitability of the management’s utilization of the assumption of going concern in preparing financial statement. †¢ To consider the going concern concept in the earlier stages of audit by considering the presence of events or situations and associated business risks that may cause doubt on the entity’s capability to maintain as a going concern.... b) You have recently completed the audit of stabler plc. You are involved with the financial statements but you have some doubts over the going concern status of the company. Explain in what circumstances your audit opinion would be relevant or qualified: i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualified with an ‘adverse’ opinion I will convey an adverse opinion ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When I have obtained adequate suitable audit evidence, to conclude that the misstatements, independently or in the total, are both pervasive and essential to financial report. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When it is incapable to acquire adequate suitable audit evidence on the basis of which opinion is formulated. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes, relating to multiple uncertainties, despite of having attained adequate suitable audit evidence concerning each of the individual uncertainties, it is impossible to outline an opinion on financial report because of the possible interaction of the uncerta inties and their likely cumulative consequence on financial report. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Qualified With an ‘except for’ Opinion Qualified with an ‘except for’ opinion is expressed when— a. There in adequate suitable audit evidence or if there are constraints on the scope of audit that leads me to the conclusion that I can’t express an unquali?ed opinion or disclaim an opinion. b. On account of the audit done, if the ?nancial statements enclose a departure from the GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles), the result of which will be material, i will conclude that it is not necessary to convey adverse opinion iii) Unqualified with an explanatory paragraph Audit opinion will be unqualified with an explanatory paragraph when: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When there is â€Å"Lack of consistent application of generally

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Troubadors Paper Essay Example for Free

Troubadors Paper Essay It is unlikely, in this day and age, that one could be privy to likes of troubadours, as recounted in the works of Jaufre Rudel and   Bernart de Ventadorn.   Their works, A Love Afar and The Skylark, are similar in that they both speak of a love that for one reason or another has been unreachable to them.   Rudel, in A Love Afar, is pining for a woman he has never met, nor even seen, but has an attraction for based on the information he has been given by other pilgrims. â€Å"My pilgrim’s staff and cloak might shine.†Ã‚   Rudel professes to worship this love from afar, â€Å"They call to mind my love afar.†Ã‚   His work follows the path of courtly love, which is typical of the medieval era.   Rudel declares his devotion to his love, â€Å"Gladly I’d lie at her command, a captive in a Moorish land.†Ã‚   Also typical of medieval courting, Rudel speaks of physical manifestations of the love that he seeks afar, â€Å"My curse fall on that godsire’s heart, who’s cursed me so my love runs ill.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tenor of Bernart de Ventadorn’s work, The Skylark, lacks the hope that is present in Rudel’s writing.   The Skylark, is the writing of a man who is daunted by the love that he has lost.   â€Å"Alas, I thought I’d grown so wise; in love I had so much to learn:   I can’t control this heart that flies to here who pays no love return.†Ã‚   Where Rudel felt that he had been blessed by love, even promised love by God, Ventadorn has been cursed by a love that has stolen the very life from him.   â€Å"Losing control, I’ve lost all right to rule my life†¦deep in despair.†Ã‚   Ventadorn presents no benefit from the love he seeks or sought, whereas Rudel sees benefit even if he should die in the end.   Ventadorn has been scorned by love.   â€Å"I’ll place no trust in women though I did before; I’ve been there champion so it’s just that I renounce them everm ore.† Rudel has found such promise in love. â€Å"That man speaks true who’d say I burn for naught else but my love afar; now for no other end I yearn, only to know my love afar.   Ventadorn, however, has lost all faith in women, love, and music.   â€Å"Ay! Now I fall in deep disgrace,   a fool upon love’s bridge am I; No one know how that could take place, unless I dared to climb too high. Ventadorn places women on a pedestal, but perhaps realized he had done so unjustly.   Ventadorn’s writing also suggests an adulterous nature, â€Å"Wrongful it seems, now, in my view, to see a creature love’s betrayed, who’d seek no other good but you, then let him die without your aid.†Ã‚   Ventadorn is so distraught that he swears off his writing and music.   â€Å"Tristan you’ll hear no more from me:   I leave to wander, none knows where; henceforth all joys in love I’ll flee and all my songs I now forswear.† Courtship during the medieval era was considered to be an art form.   Both of these writings bring to mind the image of the Knight on a white horse, that sweeps his lady off her feet.   Both pieces tell of love that is challenged by a geographical distance and love that is ultimately fated to die.   Both pieces are ideal examples of noble chivalry that was present in the courting present in the medieval era.  Ã‚   Both pieces place the woman in a superior level to themselves. The image created by Rudel is one of passion, with no price to high, in order to reach his love.   It is almost as though you can see him traveling by boat, â€Å"Such tracks and trails, such land and sea.†Ã‚   One can almost see him battling his way to his love.   Ventadorn paints an image of a man who is angered and retreats to his destination, which is to be alone, as demonstrated, â€Å"I say no more; I silent go; She gives me death; let death reply.   My Lady won’t embrace me so I leave, exiled to pain for aye.† Rudel speaks of his love as a lady, while Ventadorn speaks of his love as a Lady while expressing his love, but then reverts to women when expressing his anger and despair.   Troubadors admired ladies, but feared women.   Ladies were to be treasured, something to desire, while women were almost considered evil.   Both writers seem to appeal to their loves as a method of furthering themselves and their current status.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Company and market analysis of lindt

Company and market analysis of lindt In the past 15 years, Paris exposition of chocolate, chocolate is high-grade to global display window. This chocolate panel powerful: chocolate exposition of the famous director, master Pierre Herme J.P. and chocolate is careful Hevin in this year. Their captious and sharp eye is the biggest test of chocolate quality whether materials, recipe or manufacturing process. In Paris, can win the award on chocolate exposition that is obtained by the authority of chocolate. What is worth mentioning, Lindt Swiss chocolate before Ephraim in 2006, has won the accolade. At this moment, is remarkable for Swiss Ephraim 160 years unremitting pursuit of perfect quality of chocolate. Be super taste pure taste of chocolate, chocolate tasting cocoa ultimate sensations. Be in the series, you will find the exquisite Swiss Ephraim chocolate master production process and the art of making bets passion. Select the most fragrant masters of superior quality, selection of cocoa, creates the exquisite raw meticulous, rich full-bodied, chocolate, chocolate is alcohol the perfect example. Super pure taste with intense aromas of cocoa, chocolate, and accompanied by hazeinut, tobacco and honey aromatic. Its rich palate full-bodied, aftertaste making a person is boundless. Chocolate is an elaborate techniques, focus and attention of passion. And Ephraim Lindt Swiss chocolate master this artist. 160 years, their intention creation and improvement of the unique formula, formed Lindt chocolate culture. From the selection of raw materials and the quality of the highest quality ingredients, until finally the exquisite work, make the need of chocolate. Weakness Swiss chocolate producer Lindt Sprà ¼ngli missed its full-year revenue forecast on 20 January despite posting a 5.8% rise in annual sales.The maker of Lindor, Excellence and Ghirardelli chocolate, reported a 5.8% increase in sales in local currencies to CHF2.94bn (US$2.59bn), but missed sales expectations and its own sales growth target.The group had been targeting organic growth of 8-10%.Lindt said the weakness of the euro, pound and dollar had eroded revenues outside its home market.The worldwide uncertainty prevailing in 2009 will probably be more challenging than at any other time in history, the company said.Despite this, Lindt said the results are encouraging. Double-digit growth was achieved in overseas export markets, in Canada, and in northern and Eastern Europe, namely Scandinavia, Russia, Poland and Austria.For fiscal year 2008, and as communicated in its long-term targets, Lindt expects to achieve a 20 to 40 base points improvement in EBIT margin. Moreover,Swiss chocolate giant Lindt Sprà ¼ngli may lose EU trademark rights to the shape and wrapping of its popular Easter bunny line.This follows a European Court of Justice preliminary ruling, which concluded Austrian courts could void the registration, if the trademark was filed in bad faith. Specifically, the court defined bad faith as if Lindt trademarked the design knowing a rival firm already had in the EU an identical or similar sign [and product] capable of being confused with Lindts trademarked design; or if the company applied for the mark to prevent that third party from continuing to use such a [design].The company brought the case against Austrian competitor Franz Hauswirth. Lindt claimed its Easter bunny design was so similar it infringed trademark rights. Hauswirth is resisting the action, which now returns to Austrias supreme court. Opportunity Premium chocolate manufacturer Lindt USA announces the launch of their new TV advertisement featuring Lindt Global Brand Ambassador and Swiss tennis star Roger Federer. The new TV spot Airport, created by agency of record Gotham Inc., is a humorous look into the life of Federer and the irresistible nature of Lindts smooth melting Lindor Truffles. Lindt is also unveiling a special partnership with the Roger Federer Foundation (RFF) that will help raise awareness and funds for the non-profit in conjunction with the Grand Slam tournament in New York. In addition to the ad, Lindt is celebrating perfect matches on the court. For every match Federer wins during the Open, Lindt will donate $1,000 to the RFF. The Foundation primarily focuses its efforts in Africa, offering charitable grant-making opportunities to address the critical challenges in education for disadvantaged children. Chocolate lovers can also get in on the action by visiting the Lindt Facebook page and the Perfect Match Fan Giveaway for a chance to win a Nike duffle bag filled with Lindor Truffles (ARV: $225) every time Federer wins a round during the tournament. Federer was named Lindts Global Brand Ambassador in Oct. 2009 as part of a long-term deal with his favorite chocolate brand. The new TV spot and donation offering are part of an ongoing partnership that coincides with The Perfect Match sweepstakes running through Sept. 12, 2010. Consumers are invited to visit Lindt.com for daily chances to win a variety of premium chocolate prizes and an opportunity to meet Federer at the Lindt Sprungli global headquarters in Switzerland. Threats From a recently new, it can be seen that Lindt notches up record sales, mass market threat lurks 17-Mar-2007.Swiss chocolatier Lindt and Sprà ¼ngli has announced record sales figures during 2004, on the back of improved export sales and burgeoning consumer demand for premium chocolate products in Western Europe, Tom Armitage reports. Traditionally, chocolate with a high cocoa content has failed to find favour with UK and other non-Continental European consumers, although increased advertising spend and improvements to Lindts sales distribution networks have successfully reversed this situation. According to research analysts Mintel, the European premium chocolate sector will soon become inundated with lower-priced offerings from mass market producers, including Nestlà © and Kraft Jacobs Suchard (KJS) notching up the pressure on Lindt, one of the worlds leading luxury chocolate manufacturers.Meanwhile, Lindts share price has fared slightly better than compatriot chocolatier rival B arry Callebaut (the worlds leading supplier of bulk chocolate), increasing by 3.3 per cent during 2005, compared to Callebauts figure of around 1.9. Product Lindt chocolate characteristics are as follows: the Swiss Ephraim 170 kinds of chocolate, Adhere to choose excellent cacao and cocoa butter, Keeping a taste of chocolate after taste, Sweet is smooth, the best of chocolate. Aptly named, this premium range caresses the senses with all the hallmarks of the finest quality chocolate. An even surface and rich matte sheen. A silky feel that quickly softens. The deeply satisfying, earthy taste of perfectly roasted cocoa beans. Discover all the varieties of Lindt Excellence creations. Lindnt chocolate have varieties of types.Excellence 50% Cocoa,excellence 70% cocoa, excellece 85% cocoa, excellece buleberry intense are the main types which are popular in shops. Moreover, excellence 85% cocoa is the most delicious recognized by the most people. Through investation,excellence 85% cocoa lindt chcolate can enliven peoples senses with the ultimate chocolate luxury. With this range people will discover the expertise and craftsmanship of lindt chocolates master chocolatiers in blending the most aromatic cocoa beas with the finest ingredients to create a rich and refined chocolate of intense flavour and elegant texture.excellence 85% cocoa ,an intensely flavoured fine dark chcolate with a strong aroma and full-bodied cocoa taste which is perfectly balanced, being neither bitter nor overpowering.Its ingredients are cocoa mass,low fat cocoa powder,cocoa butter,demerara sugar,natural bourbon vanilla beans, many contai traces of soya lecithin, hazelnuts,almonds and milk.In av erage quantity per 40g serving ,its energe is 884KJ/ ,protein is 4.4g, fat is 18.4g and sugar is 5.6g. Moreover,inspired by a secret recipe, the Master Chocolatiers of Lindt have created a chocolate masterpiece Lindor. The delicious Lindt chocolate shell enrobes a delectably smooth filling. Once you break the shell, the filling will start to melt, and so will you. indnt chocolates beautiful range of Lindor gift boxes make for decadent (and well received) gifts for loved ones. Last, lindt chocolates packing is fantastic. it will give people a kind of high-grade feeling that it is a worthy choice whatever used by themselves or sending to friends,especially to valentines. some lindt chocolate are placed in carton box some are in iron box. some are square and some are round.it is sure that some will also be pakeged in creative way which can add a lot of value. anyway, packing and lables are very important . Price Different lindt chocolate has different prices.However,the differences range is not big, almost from 100g to 150g, whatever white with almonds or white chocolate with a delectably smooth centre, the price is around 3 dollars. However,some lindt chocolate which were packed fantastic or sold in some groups are expensive. some exanples are as follows: Lindt Lindor Milk Choc Box 150g $9.96 Lindt Deluxe $18.99 Lindt Lindor Assorted Choc 150g $11.45 Lindt Lindor Balls Hazelnut Box 150g $11.45 Lindt Lindor Balls Dark Box 150g $11.45 Lindt Lindor Balls White Box 150g $9.95 Gift Baskets, Chocolate Happy Bloom $94.05 Gift Baskets, Chocolate Rose Bloom $65.55 Chocolate Hamper $85.95 Chocolate Bubbles $49.95 Chocolate Delights $79.95 Chocolate Lover Milk Chocolate Pack $59 Chocoholics Dream Dark Chocolate Pack$65 From these exanples it is obvious that the prices is changed due to the packing. actually comparing to other famous brands. lindt chocolate is similar. so it can be seen that lindt is not competitive with price, it is with quality, packing and some creative ideas. Place Lindt chocolate usually are sold in large supermarkets, such as coles and woolworths and it is arranged in some conspicuous placs, such as at the gate or at centre area, in other words, lindt chocolate always is in an obvious place so that it can be found easily and it is convenient to do some promotion activities.Follows are some pitures which can show the situation; Moreover, lindt sometimes will hold some cafe to show varieties of products which are special and delicious,recently in a large hall show a large number of lindt chocolate which are beautiful and attracted. it just like a big chocolate banquet in which chocolate can be enjoyed freely and happily. If someone want tase different chocolate and enjoy the visual experience at the same time,lindt chocolate cafe is defintely a perfect choice. Even though lindt chocolateprice is not expensive.people always has the habit to look for cheaper things in the maximum, for exanple,at $3.49 for 4.4 ounces, Giftswish.com sells Lindt Classic Double Milk Chocolate at the cheapest price. people can buy the recipes for the chocolate on eBay.com for just 70 cents more! Mreover,worldwide chocolate is a great source for Lindt Chocolate,there have the bars for $2.99 a piece or people can buy a case of 12 for $27.97. Amazon.com has them available for $2.99 each with multiple sellers available. shop at http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dapsfield-keywords=lindt+classic+double+chocolatex=0y=0 Sources: http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_gw?url=search-alias%3Dapsfield-keywords=lindt+classic+double+chocolatex=0y=0 Even someone think CVS is the cheapest place to buy Lindts chocolate and dont buy lindt chocolate in a real store which jack up the price by about 25%. Stores like Giant and Rite Aid typically offer good prices. However, CVS typically has the lowest price when people combine their low beginning prices with their great coupons and can get Lindt chocolate for about 40% off the Lindt store price by shopping at CVS. those are kind persons opinion.However, in my opinion, the real stores are convenient even though it is more expensive . Promotion Lindt chocolate has some strategies to promote during these years.one is gold bunny, the Lindt Gold Bunny is made from the finest Lindt chocolate. He is lovingly wrapped in gold foil and as a special mark of recognition; he has been given a unique red ribbon and gold bell. Over the course of time, the Gold Bunny Milk has become a symbol of Easter and people of all ages know, when they see him, that Easter is not far away.this is a perect way to promote because Easter is a important festival in western countries and the most people will buy chocolate.by the way lindt can sell chocolate on a large scale. The other way to promote is discount.Next merchants that usually carry discount Lindt Chocolate will be introduced. people can look for the Lindt Chocolate coupon code, or use a site-wide coupon or free shipping code that would provide a discount on Lindt Chocolate purchase. Amazon.com is an online retailer of books, CDs, videos, DVDs, toys and games, electronics, kitchenware, computers, and more. The Amazon vision is to be earths most customer centric company; to build a place where people can come to find and discover anything they might want to buy online. If want to get the discount people can follow next details and restrictions. IMPORTANT NOTE: the full details are outlined on the Amazon.com web page that opens with this offer. Read them CAREFULLY because not all items qualify for free shipping. Free Super Saver Shipping for orders over $25 of eligible Amazon.com products (eligible items are indicated as such on their product detail pages). No code required. Select Super Saver Shipping as your shipping speed. If you qualify for FREE Super Saver Shipping but your order also contains one or more ineligible items, youll be charged shipping fees for those ineligible items. Canceling items, combining orders, or changing your shipping address, speed, or preference might affect your orders eligibility for Super Saver Shipping. Applies only to orders with over $25 of qualifying merchandise, excluding gift-wrap charges and taxes, at the Amazon.com, Borders.com, CDNOW.com, Waldenbooks.com, and Virginmega.com Web sites. Excludes items that do not include a statement that they are eligible for FREE Super Saver Shipping next to their price. Also excludes certain oversize items, e-books and e-documents, software downloads, music downloads, and gift certificates. Amazon reserves the right to change or discontinue this offer at any time.Sources: http://www.couponheaven.com/brand.cfm/23483_c18 Moreover, there is also a promotion way that come from  ©The Moodie Report By Salina Christmas. the situation is as follows;MALAYSIA. The latest Lindt chocolate promotion at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) has boosted sales and the profile of the brand, according to chocolate retailer Chocolate Sales Supplies , this promotion is find tool from the brand and it is successful and reflects the dynamism of Lindt as the leading Swiss chocolate brand, said Chocolate Sales Supplies Group Marketing Manager Shereen Lau. Conclusion Lindt Sprà ¼ngli is recognized as a leader in the market for premium quality chocolate, offering a large selection of products in more than 100 countries around the world. During more than 160 years of Lindt Sprà ¼nglis existence, it has become known as one of the most innovative and creative companies making premium chocolate, with six production sites in Europe, two in the USA and distribution and sales companies on four continents. Even though some tiny problems ,lindt chocolate is perfect among chocolate markets and its future will be better and better.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

altropine competitive antagonist of acetylcholine

altropine competitive antagonist of acetylcholine Atropine is a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine which binds to the muscarinic receptor in order to inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system. It causes a reversible blockade of the action of acetylcholine and it can be overcome by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine at receptor sites of the effectors organ (e.g. by using the anticholinesterase agents which inhibit the destruction of acetylcholine). Atropine is an alkaloid or an extremely poisonous drug derived from a plant called atropia belladonna, also known as deadly nightshade. â€Å"Belladonna† is Italian word which means beautiful woman. In the Renaissance, woman used the juice of berries of atropia belladonna to dilate pupils as it was perceived as more attractive. Pharmacological effects Eye -Atropine acts in the eye to block the action of acetylcholine, relaxing the cholinergically innervated sphincter muscles of the iris. This results in dilation of the pupil (mydriasis). The cholinergic stimulation of accommodative ciliary muscle of the lens in the eye is also blocked. This results in paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia). Besides, the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) occurs when the anterior chamber is narrow. It will further raise IOP in glaucoma patients because it will obstruct evacuation of aqueous humor by the Schlemm channel. Atropine is thus contraindicated in these patients. Another effect of antimuscarinic drugs is to reduce lacrimal secretion which produces dryness in eyes. Atropine has a slower onset and more prolonged effect in eye as maximum mydriatic effect occurs around 30 to 40 minutes and maximum cycloplegia takes several hours. Mydriasis usually lasts 7 to 12 days and cycloplegia may persist for 14 days or longer. Cardiovascular system The vagus (parasympathetic) nerves that innervate the heart release acetylcholine (ACh) as their primary neurotransmitter to slow the heart rate. ACh binds to muscarinic receptors (M2) that are found on cells comprising the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. Atropine has a potent and prolonged effect on the heart muscle. It inhibits the effect of excessive vagal nerve activation on the heart like sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block (delay in the conduction of electrical impulses at the AV node of the heart) by binding to muscarinic receptors in order to prevent ACh from binding to and activating the receptor. Thus, atropine speeds up the heart rate and increases conduction velocity as it very effectively blocks the effects of parasympathetic nerve activity on the heart. There are little effects on blood pressure since most resistance blood vessels do not have cholinergic innervations. Small doses of atropine used may decrease the heart rate, yet, large doses used definitely causes increasing of the heart rate. Central nervous system Atropine has minimal stimulant effects on the central nervous system, especially medullary centers, and a slower, longer-lasting sedative effect on the brain. Low doses atropine may produce mild restlessness and higher doses may produce agitation and hallucination. With still larger doses, stimulation is followed by depression leading to circulatory collapse and respiratory failure after a period of paralysis and coma. Respiratory tract The parasympathetic nervous system regulate bronchomotor tone and secretionary glands of the airway. Since atropine is an antagonist muscarinic drug, it inhibits the secretion of nose, mouth, pharynx and bronchi, and thus dries the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. And it also relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, producing bronchodilation and decreasing airway resistance. The effect is more important in patients with airway disease like asthma. Gastrointestinal tract Motility and secretions of gastrointestinal tract are declined by atropine. GI smooth muscle motility is affected from the stomach to the colon by decreasing tone, amplitude and frequency of the peristaltic contractions. However, the gastric secretion is only slightly reduced.   Genitourinary tract The antimuscarinic action of atropine relaxes smooth muscle of the ureters and bladder wall in order to decrease the normal tone and amplitude of contractions of the ureters and bladder. Atropine has not significant effect on the uterus. Sweat glands Small doses of atropine inhibit the activity of sweat glands, producing hot and dry on the skin. Sweating may be sufficiently depressed and this will elevate the body temperature if using the larger doses in adult or at high environmental temperatures. For the infant or children who are administered large doses or even ordinary doses may cause â€Å"atropine fever†. Pharmacokinetics Absorption Atropine is rapidly and well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, mucosal membrane, conjunctival membranes, and to some extent through intact skin when given by oral route, solution, ointment or injection route (directly goes into muscle or vein). Pharmacological activity of paranteral administration is 2-3 times greater than enteral route. Distribution Atropine is rapidly cleared from the blood and is distributed throughout the body. It crosses the blood-brain barrier and placenta. Peak plasma concentrations of atropine are reached within 30 minutes. The duration of action of atropine administered by general route would be approximately 4 -6 hours. Metabolism After administration, atropine disappears rapidly from the blood with a half-life of 2 hours. The half-life of atropine is slightly shorter in females than males. Then it is metabolized in the liver by oxidation and conjugation to give inactive metabolites. Excretion The drugs effect on parasympathetic function declines rapidly in all organs except the eye. Effects on the iris and ciliary muscle persist for more than 3 days. About 50% of the dose is excreted within 4 hours and 90% in 24 hours in the urine, about 30 to 50% as unchanged drug. Therapeutic uses As preanaesthetic medicationts Atropine is used to block two effects in particular during anaesthesia, secretions in the respiratory tract in response to the irritating nature of some inhalant anaesthetics, and bradycardia (slowing of the heart) which accompanies most anaesthetics due to the block of muscarinic receptors in the heart. Overall, atropine can reduce the risk of airway obstruction and increase the heart beat when anaesthetic drug is going to be used. Ophthalmological uses Topical atropine is used as a cycloplegic (temporarily paralyze the accommodation) and as a mydriatic (dilate the pupils) for accurate measurement of refractive error in patients. A second use is to prevent synechiae (adhesion) formation in uveitis and iritis. After local administration in the form of ophthalmic solution, the onset of atropine is around 30 minutes and it effects last very long: dilation of pupil can persist several days. Cardiovascular disorders Injection of atropine is used in the treatment of bradycardia (an extremely low heart rate) due to excessive vagal tone on the SA and AV node. It accelerates the cardiac rate by reduction of vagal tone and suppression of reflex bradycardia during arterial hypertension. In addition, atropine is also used primary for sinus node dysfunction (inappropriate atrial rates) and symptomatic second-degree heart block (irregularities in the electrical conduction system of the heart). Respiratory disorders Parenteral atropine can be used as a preoperative medication to suppress bronchiolar secretions when anaesthetics are used. It can be used to treat asthma, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Gastrointestinal disorders Atropine is seldom used to treat pepti-ulcer nowadays. Atropine can provide some relief in the treatment of common travelers diarrhea (irritable bowel movement). It is often combined with an opioid antidiarrheal drug in order to discourage abuse of the opioid agent. Urinary disorders Atropine is used to relieve bladder spasm after urologic surgery and for treating urinary urgency caused by minor inflammatory bladder disorder. Hyperhidrosis It is an excessive and profuse perspiration. Atropine can reduce the secretion of sweat glands by inhibiting the Ach binds to the muscarinic receptors. Cholinergic poisoning By blocking the action of ACh, atropine also can be used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning caused by inhibition of cholinesterase and nerve gases. The atropine serves as an effective blocking agent for the excess ACh but does nothing to reverse the inhibition of cholinesterase. Troops, who are likely to be attacked with chemical weapons often carry autoinjectiors with atropine and obidoxime which can be quickly injected into the thigh. It is the only known antidote for VX nerve gas. Some of the nerve gases attack and destroy acetycholinesterase (an enzyme hydrolyzes ACh to give choline), so the action of acetylcholine becomes prolonged. Therefore, atropine can be used to depress the effect of ACh. Parkinsons disease Atropine is used to treat the symptom of Parkinson such as drooling sweating rigidity and tremors. However, with the wide array of uses and side effects that atropine has, it has been replaced by several other medicines that are more effectively in treating Parkinsons. Adverse effect Atropine and its possible side effect can affect individual people in various ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with atropine. Not all the patients using this antimuscarinic drug will experience the same effects. These effects are intensified as the dosages are increased. General chest pain, excessive thirst, weakness, dehydration, feeling hot, injection site reaction, fever. Eye dilation pupil, pupil poorly reactive to light, photophobia, blurred vision, decreased accommodation, decreased contrast sensitivity, decreased visual acuity, dry eyes or dry conjunctiva, acute angle closure glaucoma, irritated eyes, allergic conjunctivitis or blepharoconjunctivitis, heterophoria, red eye due to excess blood supply (hyperaemia). Psychiatric hallucination, mental confusion, agitation, restlessness, anxiety, excitement especially in elderly, fatigue. Central nervous system headache, nervousness, dizziness, drowsiness, muscle twitching, abnormal movement, coma, difficult concentrating, insomnia, amnesia, ataxia (loss of the ability to coordinate muscular movement). Cardiovascular tachycardia (increasing in heartbeat), acute myocardial infarction, cardiac dilation, atrial arrhythmias, paradoxical Bradycardia (if low does Atropine used), asystole (absence of heart beat), increased blood pressure or decreased blood pressure. Respiratory slow respiration, breathing difficulty, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure. Gastrointestinal nausea, abdomen pain, vomiting, decreased bowel sounds, decreased food absorption, delayed gastric emptying, reduction of salivary secretions, loss of taste, bloated feeling. Genitourinary urinary retention, urine urgency, bed-wetting, difficult in micturation. Dermatologic dry mucous membrane, dry warm skin, flushed skin, oral lesion, anhidrosis (absence of sweating), dermatitis, rash, hyperthermia (elevated of body temperature) Overdose and Treatment Widespread paralysis of parasympathetically innervated organs can characterize serious over dosage with atropine. Dry mucous membranes, widely dilated and nonresponsive pupils, tachycardia, fever, hallucination and flushed skin are mental and neurological symptoms which may last 48 hours or longer. Severe intoxication, respiratory depression, blood pressure declines, coma, circulatory collapse and death may occur with over dosage of atropine. Overdoses of atropine are generally treated symptomatically by given small doses slowly intravenously of physostigmine (1-4mg in adults and 0.5-1 mg in children). Contraindication Atropine is contraindicated in patients with Known hypersensitivity to the drug Glaucoma, especially angle closure glaucoma Bladder neck obstruction Myasthenia gravis Severe ulcerative colitis Gastric ulcer Abdominal distention with decreased peristalsis and/or intestinal obstruction A history of prostatic hyperplasia Special Consideration Caution in patients with Down Syndrome Used in elderly patients Used during pregnancy or breastfeeding Limited use in newborn infant

Monday, August 19, 2019

Let’s Put an End to Corporate Power and Greed Essay -- Argumentative P

Let’s Put an End to Corporate Power and Greed I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. ... corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed. -- Abraham Lincoln These days more and more of the corporate powers are migrating in search of cheap labor and huge profits, carrying away with them the primary sources of living of many people. As we saw in Roger and Me, General Motors replaced it’s Flint plant to open new ones in Mexico, laying off 30,000 workers in the process. Flint quickly turned into a 'ghost' town with poverty taking its toll on the common people. The rich got richer, while the poor became poorer. By this time the conditions had become so bad that the Money Magazine described Flint as the worst American city to live in. John Grisham (My Turn: Somewhere For Everyo...

Children of the City :: essays research papers

Water Imagery in â€Å"Children of the City†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rain has always been an important symbol in life. It is one of very few actions that can be both destructive and harsh, but at the same time constructive and life-giving. Throughout literature the visual image of rain is usually connected to feelings of sorrow, death, and despair. The most commonly known example of this would be in Hemingway’s â€Å"Farewell to Arms†. Hemingway uses the rain to tell of peoples negative emotions, so it is easy to take that idea into other readings. Outside of literature, however, rain is seen as being connected to positive thoughts of growth, prosperity and cleansing. In this story of adolescent love the author uses the presence of water to saturate the subjects with these positive feelings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning the author introduces the rain as â€Å"urban† in contrast to â€Å"field or shore† rain. Immediately the image of urban rain is less threatening than that of a field or shore. It gives the reader a playful image of almost being teased by the rain. In the city one has to hide from it and jump from umbrellas to awnings, yet never has to worry about the danger of being caught in it for too long. These playful and teasing characteristics of the rain are the exact guidelines to the relationship between the two main characters. The rain represents the couple’s emotion and they experiment with it just like in a real adolescent relationship. They see how long they can be drenched by its passion, nevertheless they return to the overhangs not knowing how much of it they can handle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking at it in a biblical sense, the rain is both destructive to them and helping their relationship grow. God sent the flood down to man because of our sins causing much destruction, but at the same time giving us a rebirth and purification. Too much rain may flood their relationship with emotion; however this â€Å"urban† rain teases them and lets them feel free and pure. The idea of the rain giving growth to their relationship is seen in the lines ending â€Å"a scrawny tree,† and â€Å"their forested way†. Alone they are fruitless and scrawny, yet together they are given life by the rain to create an entire forest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conversely, after all that the rain has provided them with the author’s last mention is that of a negative connotation.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Salem :: essays research papers

The Salem Witchcraft Trials: A Time of Fear and Confusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine, just for a minute, living in a time and place where you are not free to practice your own religious or spiritual beliefs and you are forced to live in fear because of persecution by the church and everyone around you. Persecution back in 1692 in Salem Massachusetts was a very real, very serious thing. Those persecuted were hanged, burned, and even pressed against rocks if found guilty of witchcraft. The Salem Witchcraft Trials stands as one of the darkest times in American history of religious tolerance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Salem Witchcraft Trails were caused and continued by various events and people. Diseases, natural catastrophes, misfortune, and deaths seemed to be around every corner for the people that lived in Salem. Instead of writing these events off as bad luck people in Salem blamed these horrible things on the Devil. The people of the town believed that the Devil recruits witched and wizards to do his work for him. As soon as something bad happened, the God-fearing people of Salem were quick to blame it on a witch or wizard. Anything a little out of the ordinary like children claiming to see things that someone else could not was blamed on a witch. The people seemed to be always out to find a witch in hopes of stopping their misfortunes. They believed that once the witch was executed all the bad luck they were experiencing would disappear. Since their bad luck never disappeared their witch hunt would not soon be satisfied. The whole tragic trials were apparently started when several young girls were found playing with a ball made of crystal. Only trying to escape their punishment, they claimed to have been forced to do so by a witch. The church tried to seek out and punish the witch or wizard responsible for tormenting the girls and thus started this whole out of control event. The minister of the town, Samuel Parris, not only didn’t help the problem, but added fuel to the fire by telling the town that witches were everywhere and that no one could be trusted. Since people were allowed to testify in court about spirits talking to them, everyone backstabbed each other in order to financially gain another’s property. If you were convicted of being a witch the only way to escape death was to confess.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

IRAC method: Rule and Analysis Essay

IRAC method Introduction Reid v. Covert Casea   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This case involved Reid, who was a superintendent with District of Columbia jail and Mrs. Clarice Covert, who was a military dependent. While residing in England at an airbase, she was tried and thereafter convicted for the murder of her husband by court-martial. Mrs. Covert’s husband worked with United States Air force as a sergeant; however, Mrs. Covert was not an armed forces member. The trial and conviction of Mrs. Covert in the united states by the court martial was authorized by United states code of the military justice under article 2(11). She was, therefore, sentenced to life imprisonment where she was supposed to serve this sentence in a federal prison in United States. However, she appealed the case, and she was taken to District of Columbia jail awaiting retrial by the court martial in Washington, D.C at an airbase after her conviction being set aside. It is at the federal district court that she petitioned for a writ of the habeas corpus claiming that her constitutional rights under Fifth and Sixth Amendments were being violated because of her conviction by the military authorities (â€Å"Reid V. Covert Case Brief,†2011). Rule   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mrs. Covert termed this conviction to be unconstitutional under article2 (11) stating that she was not a member of armed forces and therefore not subject to the military jurisdiction. The district court ruled out the case that a civilian was warranted to have a civilian trial and in this regard this court granted Mrs. Covert her petition. The government appealed to the Supreme Court directly in the United States. The Supreme Court gave a ruling that military trial of Mrs. Covert was constitutional and that the trial by a jury that was a constitutional right did not apply for those American citizens, who were being tried in the foreign lands (â€Å"Reid V. Covert,† 2014). According to the court’s ruling, the congress was within its constitutional mandate and that by any means it could provide for trial through any means it deemed fit as long as that means were consistent and reasonable with the due process. A lengthy reservati on was issued by Justice Felix Frankfurter, and Justices William O. Douglas and Hugo L. Black together with chief justice Earl Warren issued a dissent that was strong. The court granted a petition for the rehearing subsequently. They held that those Americans citizens who were outside the territorial jurisdiction of United States still retain the protections warranted by the constitution of the United States. Therefore, the decision that was granting habeas corpus to Mrs. Covet was affirmed accordingly. In the case of a treaty which tends to conflict with any subsequent congressional act, congressional act in such a case prevails over the treaty except when it violates the constitution (â€Å"Reid V. Covert,† 2014). Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mrs. Covert argued that Article 2 (11) is supposed to be geographically restricted and thus military jurisdiction which was over her expired when she was returned to the United States. Additionally she also argued that as a civilian, she was not supposed to be subjected to the code, because under Article 2(7) she was not in custody of the armed forces. The chief justice together with the two justices rejected the notion that United States acts against those citizens who are abroad and that it can do without any restrictions from the Bill of Rights. They stated that United States is a creature of constitution entirely and in this regard all the authority and power are derived from the constitution. Therefore, USA can act according to the limitations which are imposed by the constitution. Thus, in a case where United States’ government wants to punish a particular citizen who is out of the country, the shield which Bill of Rights toge ther with other components of the constitution that seeks to protect his liberty and life are not supposed to be ignored just for the mere reason that he or she is in another country (â€Å"Reid V. Covert Case Brief,† 2011).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion Although majority of the courts concurred with the final outcome, they did so for very different reasons. According to justice Felix Frankfurter making a ruling that Mrs. Covert trial and conviction were unconstitutional merely on the fact that she was not an armed forces member displayed too narrow a review. Justice Felix Frankfurter stated that the determination of this case necessitated the court to review the constitution thoroughly in its entirety instead of merely assessing a single provision which grants the congress the power of regulating the naval forces and the nation’s land. According to his opinion, the court is supposed to assess all the factors which are involved so as to decide whether the military dependents are subject to court-martial jurisdiction when they are involved with capital cases. In this regard, he argued that capital cases require full article III trial while the petty offenses by the militar y dependant are not supposed does not. Therefore, his advice was adoption of case-by-case approach. Justice john Marshall also concurred with Frankfurter. He first argued that military dependents that were overseas were bearing a rational correlation to the armed forces and therefore they could be subjected to the court martial. He later advocated for the approach of case-by-case. Justice Tom C. Clark provided a substantial weight towards the historical practice. Clark argued that allowing such cases to be tried in federal court system would pave way for petty offenses which would have many adverse consequences such as delays, incurring needless cost, and also disruption. Therefore, he also recommended use of case-by case approach. In the Supreme Court history, Reid v. covert is the only case in which on rehearing the court reversed itself (â€Å"Reid V. Covert,† 1957). References Law School Case Briefs | Legal Outlines | Study Materials. (n.d.). : Reid v. Covert case brief. Retrieved January 11, 2011, from http://www.lawschoolcasebriefs.net/2012/01/reid-v-covert-case-brief.html REID v. COVERT. (n.d.). Reid v. Covert. Retrieved September 7, 2014, from http://www.oyez.org/cases/1950-1959/1955/1955_701_2 Reid v. Covert (1956 & 1957) ; Sweezy v. New Hampshire (1957).. (1975). Bethesda, Md.: University Publications of America. Source document