Amadeus Biopic Essay

Told from the flash back perspective of an aged Antonio Salieri in an insane asylum to a priest for a confession, the movie reveals Antonio’s introduction to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, his professional career with Mozart, and his bitter rivalry and betrayal of Mozart. The film depicts an inaccurate account of Mozart’s life but still delivers on the pieces which he composed. Throughout the film, we’re exposed to what are clearly historical inaccuracies. I understand that this film is an adaptation of the original Peter Shaffer’s Amadeus performed on Broadway in the 1980’s and for purely theatrical purposes to endow the story with a plot, these changes had to either be implemented or just purely fabricated in order for the story to make sense. However, some of the erroneous interpretations of Mozart’s life are just impossible to ignore for anyone who even had even the simplest understanding of his life, such as myself. The predominant trait of Mozart that stuck out to me like a sore thumb was his high pitched cackling laughter. The movie’s laugh for Amadeus was constructed from letters that referenced Mozart having an â€Å"infectious, giddy laugh† much like â€Å"metal scraping glass† according to Forman. However, Robert L. Marshall, author of â€Å"Film as Musicology: Amadeus,† discredits this notion as there were no citations that provided the existence of such letters. Since Mozart lived over two centuries ago, there’s no possible way to know exactly how he sounded. However, the brilliant Mozart in the film is supposed to be Gods creature (The Latin translation of Amadeus translates to â€Å"lover of God† or â€Å"beloved by God†) that usurps the mediocre Salieris position as the â€Å"voice of God. † So in effect, his laugh is God mocking Salieri in his mediocrity which further drives the frustration and anger of Salieri towards Mozart thus pushing the plot along. While we’re on that subject, there is little evidence that Mozart and Salieri actually rivaled each other to the extreme that the movie depicts. Certainly, they were rivals, but they were professional rivals. By professional rivals, I mean that even though they often butted heads in their pursuit of music and their attempted publicity of their works, they still admired and respected each other greatly. Despite Salieri being the inferior musician, he still pooled great respect from Emperor Joseph II and his subjects and served as court composer, director of the Italian opera, and court conductor. Mozart on the other hand came as an outsider therefore did not possess the same influence or reputation as Salieri. To me, this just appears to be the politics of music; it’s not what you know, it’s who you know. Regardless, Salieri really didn’t have a reason to hate Mozart as much as the movie shows because his influence alone virtually neutralized Mozart as a threat. I’m sure when Mozart attempted to get his operas on the Italian stages it must have certainly irked Salieri, but never to the point of violence. However, once again the fiction is created in order to develop a sensical plot line. Without that aggressive rivalry, there’s no movie. One last thing that I personally found confusing is that absence of Joesph Haydn from the entire movie. History tells us that Mozart and Haydn met somewhere 1783 or 1784 and instantly hit it off. They both admired each other’s work immensely and Mozart even went as far as to dedicate six string quartets to Haydn as a tribute to the father of the string quartet. Throughout their lives, they were in correspondence with one another up until Mozart’s death. However, despite this documented historical fact, Haydn is still left out of the movie. The movie itself is about two famous classical composers so why not add Haydn to attract Haydn fans to the play or movie? One can only guess as to why that is. Perhaps Forman thought that the addition of another prominent classical composer would ultimately lessen the importance of the feud between Mozart and Salieri. But Forman fashioned other characters throughout the film in order to serve roles that further drove the plot, so why not use Haydn instead? Or at least mention him? At one point in the film, Mozart mentions that he doesn’t care for Gluck (which is also inaccurate, he was an admirer of Gluck), but nevertheless, he still at least mentions the name. At this point it’s all speculation and I can’t find anywhere an explanation for his absence. The movie is riddled with other inaccuracies that raise a lot of questions, but if anything I learned in English is true, it’s that in order to read any literature that’s fiction or watch any movie, you’re supposed to â€Å"suspend yourself in willful disbelief† meaning that enjoy it for what it is without dissecting it too much, which I can honestly and wholeheartedly say I did. Although it doesn’t give an accurate portrayal of Mozart, Salieri or the setting it’s supposed to be placed in, it still gives an enjoyable experience. Despite the erroneous depiction, the musical pieces revealed chronologically throughout the film are in fact the offspring of Mozart’s genius. Whilst enjoying each piece as much as the next, I don’t have the musical ear or expertise to discern which piece is being played in which scene, aside from the operas. However, the films composer John Strauss created a two disc soundtrack for the film and I have to admit, even though I lack the expertise, I am astounded by Mozart’s ability. Luckily, between the internet and my own mothers personal love for music (Fortunately, she had a library of CDs that included many of Mozart’s work), I was able to essentially find each individual piece within the movie. I have to say, my favorite musical piece offered in the movie is the finale of the Don Giovanni. Perhaps some of it is because of the twist that Salieri puts on it; that â€Å"only [he] understood that the horrifying apparition was Leopald raised from the dead! The inference that I took from that between the monumental sounding music and the fervently conducting Mozart in the scene is that Mozart poured his personal misfortune of not living up to his father’s expectations in his work. It just makes it seem to be so personal, so passionate. I know that was the movies intent for me to feel that way, but I couldn’t help getting sucked in, between seeing the gargantuan black commander singing in the deep bass voice is what seems to me to be such an accusing tone allegorically â€Å"accusing his son in front of the world† as Salieri puts it. All the while the plot twists during this play, as the madness grew within Salieri as he discovers such a simple way to destroy Mozart. It’s just so epic, for lack of better words. One of the brighter operas in the film â€Å"The Marriage of Figgaro† has a much lighter note. Despite all of the red tape Mozart endures, he nevertheless through the exceptionally brilliance of his music and borderline arrogance persuades the emperor to allow him to perform his opera. While we obviously never get to see the whole thing, the music and performance we do see is good. I wouldn’t say I particularly cared for it. The colors, the notes, the lighting, it’s just too bright. However, the most impressive part of it is that his confidence in his music allowed him to break the traditional rules in order for his perform his opera. This seems metaphorically to portray the fact that Mozart’s music didn’t follow these contemporary musical rules of the time which contributed to his genius. Perhaps that’s a long stretch, but that’s immediately what came to mind. While the movie is composed (Pun intended) of Mozart’s work, it would take an entire separate paper to dissect each one individually. Regardless, each piece performed in the play is enjoyable from one degree to another. Overall, I have to say I was more than happy with this movie. For a while, I dreaded watching the movie thinking it would be a long drawn out boring biographic film, but to my surprise it shared little characteristics with a biography. The central thematic message of the movie is mostly if not entirely fictitious, but still lays a foundation in which the movie tells factual information about Mozart and sets a stage in which one can hear the pieces and enjoy them chronologically. To be frank and honest, if these fabrications of the bitter rivalry between Salieri and Mozart weren’t there, I would have had a hard time truly appreciating the Mozart as seen in the movie. Not to say his music is bad, it’s brilliant, but the underlying plot is what made the movie so interesting. Ultimately, if you’re looking for historical facts about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, look elsewhere. If you’re looking for a movie that’s interesting and loosely based on one of the world’s greatest composers who ever lived, look no further.

Generational Diversity Scenarios in the for-Profit and Nonprofit Sectors

In reading both scenarios the generational differences are very clear. In the first situation with Stan and Alex at the Davis Agency the biggest difference was the technological advances that could be under taken to improve process to deal with the client’s needs. Now Stan being an old timer is having a very difficult time trying any new ideas that cut him out of the loop. Even though Alex conferred with Connor (who was very satisfied) on his way of doing a project Stan felt as if Alex was being insubordinate so wrote him up. Unfortunately, when dealing with older individuals that are unwilling to change you will come to an impasse and not be able to best address which way is different or haw the way things are done can be combined in an effort to satisfy both sides. Now in the second scenario you have three different individuals handling a community effort. While all three try to include older members and younger members there always seems to be someone who leaves feeling that their issues or suggestions have fallen on deaf ears. Now Rick is the one who just doesn’t really care about either side he is a busy man and wants the meetings to go without many interruptions from anyone. This way of approaching the planning of this event leaves all that is involved to try and push their ideas through and walk away feeling as if nothing has been accomplished. While Molly teds to try and find out what is on everyone’s mind she tends to alienate the younger generation whereas they feel their input is not needed. Being that the older residents have been there so long they believe they should have the most input with know the most history. Unfortunately, Barbara follows the same type of meeting style as Molly although the meetings never stay on task and nothing seems to be accomplished. In both of these scenarios the older generation feels put off by the younger generation. In addition, it is as if the older individuals feel that they have lived a long life and can’t gain any viable or solid information from the younger generation sustaining that they may actually have something valuable to provide. While looking at the issues both of these scenarios faced one must wonder what things brought forth conflict. Age and length of time within the organization played the biggest part in these conflicts. On both sides the older generation felt that the younger generation was stepping on their toes and disregarding them as unimportant and unknowledgeable. Having been with a company for some 10+ years one tends to get complacent and knows that the way they have been doing things has worked for so long why try something new. In either scenario it would have benefited both organizations to take a look at how processes could be improved by going viral (out on the World Wide Web). Cutting out some of the face to face meetings would allow more time in recruiting client’s (at the Davis Agency) and cutting down on meetings (within the Bay Street Friends). The technological advances while the older generation is afraid that something will go amiss they have to consider their clients and the people they are serving. The numerous people that one is able to reach with the advances would allow business to multiply as well as the number of donations. When dealing with generational diversity and issues one has to always approach with caution. There are various different impacts when it comes to terminating an employee, due to the laws in place and the EEOC one must be sure that the reasons for terminating any employee do not have to do with Race, Age, Sex, or Religion. A company could get into very serious trouble for firing someone due to their age. I believe in the scenario of Stan and Alex the age difference is a problem in the way of thinking and dealing with clients. When Stan wrote Alex up for insubordination it was not because Alex didn’t perform his job exceedingly and abundantly well it was that he circumvented Stan’s procedure to be included and see the project. Now one could say that Alex over steeped his bounds yet we must remember that Connor (now running the company) felt that this was the best way to meet the client’s needs and was very impressed. Both of the scenarios made very valid points for the Veterans and Gen-Xer’s yet they failed to find a common ground that both sides can agree on when trying to generate business or donations. Veteran’s can try to learn from the Gen-Xer’s by not discounting what they say and the Gen-Xer’s can try some empathy with veterans. In addition, the Gen-Xer’s shouldn’t be so quick to discount the veteran’s and what they know, there are some valuable lessons to be learned from the older generation. Although, the older generation has some very valuable input they must be willing to change with the times and allow growth whether it be for profit or nonprofit. The only way either sector can be successful is to utilize the input from both sides and come up with a collaborative effort that each side can be satisfied with.

Questions on Mutiple Topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Questions on Mutiple Topics - Essay Example Portfolio matrices have become popular tools due to the various advantages that companies derive from them. First, portfolio matrices are very flexible as they can be applied to products, brands, and strategic business units. It should be noted that the use of portfolio analysis is not limited to products or brands only. Portfolio matrices can be used to ascertain the competitiveness and strengths of brands, product lines, and profit centers. Portfolio matrices are often used as cash management tools as they provide managers an easy and graphical way to assess how much cash the business will be using or generating in putting its products or services in the market. It also tells managers which products or units to invest in according to their attractiveness and competitiveness. The use of portfolio analysis is essentially to help managers focus on their core and profitable businesses. Portfolio matrices are also commonly used among business organizations because of their relative simplicity. The core ideas behind each portfolio matrix can be easily grasped and understood by any manager. Therefore, portfolio matrices are often easier to understand than other business tools. However, the use of portfolio matrices in crafting business strategies also presents some drawbacks. For one, portfolio matrices are often seen as having a â€Å"too simplistic† view of the world that it overlooked other important qualitative factors. For example, the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix considers the relationship between market attractiveness and market growth. It should be noted however, that high growth markets are not necessarily attractive and low growth markets are not necessarily unattractive (Growth-Share Matrix, 2006). Another pitfall of portfolio matrices is that it does not consider the interaction of business units or the entities being considered. It should be noted that in portfolio matrix analyses, products are considered in isolation

European Sovereign-debt Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

European Sovereign-debt Crisis - Research Paper Example Attempts by international monetary fund (IMF) to avail 750 billion Euros to financially support countries with high debt situation did not mitigate the situation. The paper will, therefore, explore on the causes and evolution of the debt crisis, its impact on the US market, and some interventions undertaken by the US to mitigate the impact. Causes of the Crisis Many factors can be attributed to the crisis that has seen the credit ratings of countries decline and caused shock in the global financial markets. The European Union has been accused of failing to take timely actions and of lingering until the situation ran out of hand. The crisis resulted from a mixture of several complex factors like the globalization of finance, international imbalances in trade, housing bubbles, ease credit conditions between 2002 and 2008 that resulted into high risk lending, and the slow economic growth in the year 2008 (Frangakis, 2006). The factors are elaborated below. a) Increased debt level EU mem bers signed a Maastricht treaty in 1992 where members promised to limit their deficit spending and debt amounts. However, the member countries like Greece and Italy failed to adhere to the agreements of the treaty and instead used complex currency and credit derivatives to increase their debt levels. From the data, the debt levels rose because of the large bailout given to financial sector in the late 2000s and the 2008 economic recession. In 2007, the percentage of fiscal deficit was 0.6 before it rose to 7% during the crisis (Frangakis, 2006). The government debt simultaneously rose to 84% from 66% of the GDP. The crisis can thus be attributed to the inappropriate fiscal policy choices and the actions by the governments to bail out troubled banks. The variations in how different countries used borrowed funds resulted in different effects. Ireland banks, for example, increased their lending to property developers, which later led to the housing bubble. Greece, on the other hand, in creased its pledge to the government workers of salary increment and pension rise. These actions increased the government level of debt, which later made it difficult for the states to meet their obligations as they became due. b) Trade imbalances The crisis grew because of the increasing trade imbalances. An increase in the amounts of trade deficits increases the levels of debt hence increasing the debt crisis. Before the commencement of the debt crisis, the trade deficit of Italy, France, and Greece increased, while that of Germany recorded trade surplus. However, Greece position has improved because of the decline in the imports and increment for exports. c) Loss of confidence Immediately after the crisis developed, it became clear that the bonds of weaker economies like Greece were risky. Because of this loss of confidence, sovereign CDS prices rose to match the market expectation of the increased debt. Investors also doubted the ability of the countries to contain the crisis be cause EU countries have few monetary policy choices. d) Monetary Policy Inflexibility Monetary policy inflexibility of all member states of EU established a common monetary policy and used one currency. Countries were, therefore, unable to print money in order to devalue their currency to stimulate exports and reduce the debt level through trade surpluses. Greece and other member states, therefore, lacked

The 336th Infantry and the 92nd Buffalo Infantry Division Term Paper

The 336th Infantry and the 92nd Buffalo Infantry Division - Term Paper Example In this perspective, a lot of emphasis was laid on the aspects of military life such as discipline, aggression, and physical strength among other facets of the disciplined forces. Although basic infantry skills and competencies are necessary for the survival of any type of soldiers, there is more to infantry training than the training offered to those soldiers trained to fight on horsebacks, using tanks, or those who deal in signals and armory duties. The main area in which Infantry Divisions become most useful is in maneuvering rough terrains that would otherwise not be accessible by tanks or armored vehicles. Although technological advances in the West have rendered infantry less important in wars, the role of Infantry Divisions in wars and battles cannot be ignored3. The increased technicality and complexity in military technology and equipment has implied that less infantry is necessary in combats. However, during the two World Wars, the Infantry Division was the most important mechanism by which states and allies would conquer their enemies in battles given that technological advances had not caught up with the military. This paper explores the history of the 366th Infantry Division and the 92nd Infantry Division of the U.S Army. Both the 92nd and the 366th Infantry Divisions were activated in 1917 and served in the two World Wars after which they were disbanded. During World War I and World War II, each of the sides of the wars needed the military capabilities and advantages that would enable it effectively defend its national borders as well as to win the wars. To achieve these objectives, there was need for proper military organization and structuring. Generally, the military organization and structuring used during the two World Wars were hierarchical and formalized in ranks. However, executive management and control were the preserve of governments, through the

Your views stand out among others i have read and here is why Personal Statement

Your views stand out among others i have read and here is why - Personal Statement Example However, it is an undeniable fact that American society observed new horizons of life and learned new lessons. People were afraid of the loss of work and the hardships that would accompany with the economic calamity. Depression was not only an economic devastation, but it changed the social perspective entirely. For instance, women find it easier to get low-wage jobs that opens new opportunities for them although it was a clear deviation from ideal gender roles in a family at that time. Farmers could not bear the heavy burdens of banks loans and saw the commodity prices fall sharply. The event forced mass agricultural based population to move in urban settlements to find a job. By the introduction of CCC, NWA, and WPA, people start thinking that their government is actually working for them. The government had more control and an increased influence on people’s life and that lingers on till today. Just when the American economy was reshaping itself and recuperating from the de pression, United States was forced to enter into the WWII. Ironically, the war helped the economic activity and reduced employment that had surged to more than 11 percent. However, economists believe that the real prosperity started not before the war ended. What bothers me most is the concept that freedom comes through government. Ideally, government should protect its citizens from internal or external violent and destructive elements. Should government be allowed to start a war?

Discuss the design needs for a plant producing a million tubs (150 ml) Essay

Discuss the design needs for a plant producing a million tubs (150 ml) per week of fruit yoghurt, with emphasis on the hygiene aspects. Make clear your assumpt - Essay Example 8) Cheap labor - Labor is an important part of the business without whom any business can run successfully. Labor helps in flourishing a business. So it should be available in adequate amount and on cheap wages. 9) Others facilities - The structure of the plant should be well designed with proper lighting, ventilation, sanitation, cleanliness, rest rooms and waiting rooms, wash rooms etc. It should be spacious, noise-proof and have adequate number of large windows to allow the entry of maximum natural light and free circulation of natural air. It should have fire alarms and emergency alarms also. 10) There should be a proper place for the disposal of the waste material. This would help in maintaining the neat and clean surrounding and thus saving the environment from getting polluted and finally keeping the beauty of the nature at esteem. This diagram shows the working of different departments with each-other's cooperation and coordination. One is responsible to answer the other and the other is responsible and dutiful to help the rest of the departments. Like production department has to maintain the records of sales department as well as of purchase department because three of them are tightly knotted with each other. This diagram shows the working of different levels of management. ... Internal management of the plant:- This diagram shows the working of different departments with each-other's cooperation and coordination. One is responsible to answer the other and the other is responsible and dutiful to help the rest of the departments. Like production department has to maintain the records of sales department as well as of purchase department because three of them are tightly knotted with each other. This diagram shows the working of different levels of management. This type of structure is known as "Vertical division of labor". In this kind of scenario, the chief function of top managers, or executives, typically is to plan long-term strategy and oversee middle managers. Middle managers generally guide the day-to-day activities of the organization and administer top-level strategy. Low-level managers and laborers put strategy into action and perform the specific tasks necessary to keep the organization operating. Conclusion:- The success of the business not only dependent upon the architecture of the plant but also on the nature of the business, facilities available, activities performed and internal management of the plant i.e. how is work going on and the coordination and cooperation of the staff right from the lower level to middle level and finally to the top level. Design of the plant not only shows the impact of the owners of the business on the rest of the world including competitors but also their duty to present and build the strong infrastructure. Organization, Work & Technology are formerly known as Behaviors in Organizations so each is equally counted in terms of profit and reputation of the

Advertising and promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Advertising and promotion - Essay Example This "Advertising and promotion" essay outlines the changes that happened in these industries with the advent of the Internet and mass media development, changes in structures and etc. Marketing communication industry consists of client companies or the advertising party, the advertising agency and the media and other service or production agencies. The advertising agency plays the role of an intermediary, linking the advertisers with the media and other service providers. With the advent of the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) approach, more and more companies choose to appoint an advertising agency and coordinate and direct all marketing communications through the agency (Kotler & Amstrong, 2000). Production houses, other support service providers & media houses liais with the agency, who is appointed to represent the needs of the advertising client. Marketing communication industry consists of client companies or the advertising party, the advertising agency and the media and other service or production agencies. The advertising agency plays the role of an intermediary, linking the advertisers with the media and other service providers. With the advent of the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) approach, more and more companies choose to appoint an advertising agency and coordinate and direct all marketing communications through the agency (Kotler & Amstrong, 2000). Production houses, other support service providers & media houses liais with the agency, who is appointed to represent the needs of the advertising client.

Economics suffers from a form of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Essay

Economics suffers from a form of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Explain with reference to modelling , theoretical paradigms and empirical testing - Essay Example 29-30). Normally, the change in momentum of a particle turns out more ill defined as the function of wave is confined to a lesser region. The nature of the wave to particles implies a particle is a wave package, the composite of a number of waves. A number of waves refer to many momentums; only one momentum can be made by observation out of many. The exact facts of complimentary pairs (time, energy, position) are impossible. For instance, it is possible to measure an electron’s position, but not its energy (momentum) simultaneously. Complementarity also implies that dissimilar experiments results into dissimilar outcomes (such as the two slit experiment). Thus, a single reality at the quantum level cannot be applied. Mathematically the uncertainty principle can be described as follows, where p is momentum and x is position: ∆x X ∆p> Ä §/2Ï€ (Romanovsky & Romanovsky, 2007, pp. 114-116). It fundamentally shows that the mixture of the error in momentum times the error in position should usually be bigger than Planck’s constant. Therefore, it is possible to measure an electron’s position to some accuracy; however, its momentum will appear in a bigger range of values. Similarly, it is possible to measure an electron’s momentum accurately; however, its position remains unidentified at that particular time (Romanovsky & Romanovsky, 2007, pp. 113-114). It is evident that there is uncertainty in modeling, foretelling and interpretation of prevailing socio-economic circumstances. This can be visible in the global financial systems’ instability, depending on natural and ordinary disturbances in the contemporary markets and greatly undesirable financial crises (Hilgevoord, 2005, pp. 30-36). This brings the necessity of not only researching on uncertainty in economics, but also establishing the connection to the Heisenberg’s uncertainty

Emergency room overcrowding Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emergency room overcrowding - Thesis Example he research will involve the collection and analysis of primary and secondary data with an aim of determining the gravity of the matter, its impacts on service delivery, and to determine the best possible way to tackle this problem. Overcrowding of public and private facilities in different locations and regions is not an uncommon phenomenon. Unfortunately, when people overcrowd a facility or place, several negative things may happen. Some diseases, for one, are easily spread from one individual to the other through the air. Yet again, overcrowding in many cases leads to inefficiency and those who are charged with the duty of providing service may be hampered in their bid to provide their vital services as noted by Gupta, Sharma and Wickramasinghe (2005). Yet again, overcrowding may present vital opportunity to ill minded individuals to engage in certain unethical activities including pick pocketing as noted by Miller (2010). Hospitals being places that are visited mainly by people from various diverse backgrounds have not been exempted from experiencing problems related to overcrowding. In fact, the last couple of years have seen more emergency rooms facing overcrowding. This has led to health experts ringing an alarm over the risks that people expose themselves to due to this worrying trend. There may be many causes of overcrowding in the emergency room as noted by several experts in diverse fields. Some of these causes include higher acuity and need for more complex treatments in some hospitals, rising number of older patients, the existence of fewer healthcare facilities and rising need for emergency cases according to the Joint Commission Resources (2004). While a number of studies have been conducted with respect to hospitals and emergency rooms, very few have been conducted with an aim of addressing the problem of crowding. There are several causes of emergency room overcrowding most of which can be significantly eliminated through the realignment and

Medium & light industries Essay Example for Free

Medium light industries Essay Medium light industries have also received a significant portion of the industrial development funds because they are less capital intensive than heavy industry and they can generally turn a quicker profit. Chinas textile industry is the largest in the world, which is why its typically referred to on its own as opposed to being grouped within the light industry branch. Chinese enterprises have a competitive advantage in the textile industry because of the abundant supply of cheap resources, which includes labor and raw materials such as cotton. China ranks among the world leaders in the production of coal and oil. Coal is the primary energy source among petroleum, electric power, and coal in China. Therefore, a vast majority of the coal that is mined is consumed domestically. On the other hand, the petroleum industry has expanded beyond the domestic consumption capacity. Thus, the petroleum industry also services foreign markets with crude oil and other refined petroleum products to a certain extent. Services Chinas service sector (tertiary industry) includes many industries such as food beverage, banking financial services, retail trade, commerce, legal services, health services and insurance services. Similar to the manufacturing and industry sector, Chinas service sector has blossomed with the economic reforms of the last two decades. Before the reforms Chinas service sector was virtually non-existent. Today the service sector has grown to account for 33.8% of the countrys GDP (2002 est.). Retail trade has taken in Chinas urban areas. The roads are now lined with a multitude of privately owned shops and street markets. In the larger towns and cities immense shopping centers and department stores are also common. Western food and beverage chains such as Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut and McDonalds are also popping up in residential areas. Before the reforms, tourism was very limited because government policies prevented almost all foreigners from visiting China. Today this industry is receiving more attention because the government sees this market as an opportunity to earn foreign dollars. To accommodate tourism many hotels have been built, airline destinations within the country have grown and historic sites, such as the Great Wall, have been opened to foreigners. The communications industry has also benefited from the economic reforms. The telecommunications industry boomed during the 1990s and now telephone service can be found in basically every locality although only 16.7% of households have a phone. Today there are many magazines and over 2,000 newspapers published across China. Radio and television broadcast are also in abundant supply reaching 75% of the population although only 1 citizen out of 3 owns a television. The States heavy hand compels the media to refrain from reporting on politically sensitive issues. As a result, the media adheres to a strict code of self regulation to ward off further government manipulation. Trends and Outlook According to the official figures reported for real GDP, Chinas economy grew to $1,405.95 billion, an increase of 9.1% which is higher than the rate that was forecasted. Government officials speculated that with the spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus across China the consequences would be felt in the form of an underperforming economy, especially in the services sector. Therefore, an annual growth of 7-8% was predicted although many in the economic community felt this figure was too low. Chinese officials arent intentionally sandbagging the forecasts. Instead they are still acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary to make accurate macroeconomic forecasts, which can be quite difficult in China whose economic statistics are generally misrepresented, especially at the provincial and local levels. The following 2 graphs illustrate Chinas GDP, CPI RPI since 1996. After falling 0.8% in 2002, Chinas consumer price index (CPI) increased slightly in 2003 by 1.2% compared to the previous year. By location, CPI increased by 0.9% in urban areas and by 1.6% in rural areas. The increase in CPI is somewhat misleading because of state interference. Although price controls for commodities are virtually nonexistent, the state indirectly influences the prices for 13 broad categories of items such as electric power, transportation, communication, and some services. Retail prices continued to drop by 0.1% from the 2002 level, which has been on a downward trend for 6 consecutive years. Analyst believe this downward trend is an indicator that China might not be able to sustain or create the needed high levels of consumption and investment required to fix the structural problems that plague the countrys economy, especially from the private sector. China essentially fixes (pegs) the exchange rate of the yuan to the U.S. dollar allowing it to float against other currencies in accordance with changes in the values of the dollar. Although officials recognize the need to eventually switch over to a market-based exchange rate mechanism, the time frame for implementing such a mechanism hasnt been defined. Consequently, the yuan exchange rate remained relatively stable in 2003. Chinas balance of payments remained in a strong position as a result of interest rates that fell for countries in the west (United States) and due to Chinas current account which continued its good standing. Although the trade surplus was $25.5 billion in 2003, this was a decrease from the previous year by $4.9 billion. The countrys foreign exchange reserves saw considerable growth to $403.3 billion, an increase of $116.8 billion compared with 2002 end of year figures. The following 2 graphs depict Chinas foreign exchange reserves and foreign direct investment. The principal growth sectors in China continue to be within the secondary and tertiary industries. The value added in the secondary industry for 2003 was $744.31 billion and $453.84 billion for the tertiary industry which represents an increase of 12.5% and 6.7% respectively over last year. Conversely the value added for the primary industry, which employs half of the labor force, was only $207.8 billion representing a meager growth of 2.5% year-on-year. The continued high growth rates in the secondary industries is fueled by government spending to build the states infrastructure, technical upgrades by leading enterprises, and a tremendous upsurge in the output of steel, which is needed to supply the construction materials and manufacturing equipment required to service real estate development. Although the SARS outbreak had detrimental effects on the retail sales and other service industries, this segment is expected to show signs of a rebound in the near future. This holds true esp ecially for the telecommunications sector. China is now home to the largest wireless and wireline networks in the world and preferential government policies have made this sector very attractive. Although its not reflected in official figures, Chinas labor surplus continues to be problematic for the economy. Income inequality is also an area of concern where urban residents annual disposable per capita income amounts on average to $928 compared to rural figures of $298 which is will below the World Banks $1 per day, i.e. $365, poverty line standard. Other main problems that quell economic and social development include energy shortages, a weak legal structure, corruption, nonperforming loans, inefficient state operated enterprises and most important a socialist system that interferes too much with pricing, interest rates fees, and general market control. TRADE China ranks 4th in the world for exports at $431.6 billion based on 2003 estimates, trailing the United States, German, and Japanese exports. On the other hand, 2003 estimates indicate that the PRC ranks 3rd in the worlds imports at $397.4 billion. The trade balance between the values of imports and exports continued Chinas long standing trend of having a trade surplus. As Chinas foreign relationships improve and barriers against trade fall, its projected that the trade surplus will eventually diminish in magnitude. The worlds economic community frequently had problems with Chinas human rights policies during the 1990s. American disapproval was particularly poignant to the point that the United States teetered on the verge of withdrawing Chinas normal trading status (historically referred to most-favored-nation trading status). Understanding how important the normal trading status was for the countrys continued growth, Chinese officials radically changed the regulations and rules governing trade and investment. The sweeping reforms were aimed at increasing international competition and investment, decreased protectionism for domestic enterprises by limiting previous barriers on U.S. imports of agricultural and industrial goods, and by decreasing tariffs. In turn, the U.S. Congress ratified legislation in 2000 granting the PRC permanent normal trading status based on the belief that improved trading relations will foster labor, environmental and human rights reforms in China. Regulations and Standards Chinas foreign investment and trade policies have historically lacked transparency. This has resulted in a system that generally creates a great deal confusion when it comes to trade and foreign investment because the rules and regulations governing business activity can not be obtained easily; therefore, they arent applied consistently and they often vary by region. Other downsides include poor protection of intellectual property, unequal treatment between domestic and foreign companies, and an inadequate mechanism for resolving disputes. December 11th, 2001, marked Chinas accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Even though China is now a standing member of the WTO, the PRC still has a long way to go to adopt all the necessary WTO regulations, which is being accomplished through reforms and the passage of new legislation. Chinas entry into the WTO has not only improved the countrys growth potential but it will also service the Chinese people by improving labor, environmental, and human rights conditions, which will ultimately affect the Chinese culture to a certain degree. Significant changes resulting from the WTO accession include tariff cuts and a dramatic expansion of trading rights in 2002. In 2003, China further reduced tariffs and reformed its tax system in an effort to lessen the distinction between foreign and domestic enterprises based on the principle of national treatment. Quotas on imported goods have also been considerably lowered. The latest change deals with the WTOs transparency requirement. As of July 1st, 2004, the Chinese government promulgated reforms for business licensing. In the past enterprises wishing to do business with China had to undergo an approval process through the Ministry of Commerce which was time consuming, cumbersome, and not clearly defined. The new system utilizes a registration process that is clearly defined and easily accessible with little or no barriers to trade for individuals or legal entities seeking import and or export licensing. Therefore, the registration process is expected to remove yet another trade barrier by making Chinas market more accessible to foreign entities wishing to operate within and to China.

Student Retention Essay Example for Free

Student Retention Essay Imagine that you are a second grade teacher. Your principal suggests that one of your students who performed poorly this year repeat second grade next year. Given what you know about the research on retention, how would you respond? I would ask the principal to reconsider his decision and to examine the student’s situation more carefully to make an informed decision. First I would present the scientific results on retention students. According to the scientific study, retention has negative effects on students rather than positive. It’s a misconception that many think retention will solve for the poor performance because they are learning the same material all over again. If the student is having poor academic skills, he will continue to have poor academic skill if it’s not being addressed appropriately. Retention will not address the cause of the student’s poor performance. On the contrary, when students are kept back, they are more likely to exhibit reactance displaying social and mental health problems, such as negative attitudes toward teachers and school, misbehavior, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and so forth. Also scientific research show retained students are 40 to 50 more likely than nonretained students to drop out of school. Moreover, low achieving children who are promoted learn at least as much, if not more, the following year, have a stronger self-concept, and are better adjusted emotionally than similar children who are retained. Second, I would present my suggestions and recommendations as to what to do with the student. I believe it’s more important to find ways to provide the learning supports the students need when they are not doing well at school. We need to figure out the root cause of the student’s poor performance in school and then address it accordingly. Was it due to inappropriate forms of instruction or would it be due to outside stresses. If it’s due to inappropriate instruction, we can find ways to adapt to the student’s learning style and then instruct accordingly. If more support is needed we can also provide one on one help after school as well. If it’s due to family stress, we will schedule a meeting with the student’s parents and address it at the meeting. At last, I would also convey to his third grade teacher about his situation and what he needs to work on in order to catch up with his peers. If the root cause is not addressed properly, retain the student for one more year might show some temporarily academic improvement, but the student is most likely to lag behind again in subsequent years. I suggest we look deeper into the student’s situation and provide the necessary support needed to do well in the class. Thirdly, I would like to schedule a meeting with the student’s parents and make sure the parent is aware of the current situation. We will inform the student’s parents of his poor academic performance and offer them the options we have to help the student. At last we will ask for the parents’ inputs and thoughts on the situation. I believe working as a team, the school, teacher, and parents will produce the best result. At the end I would sincerely ask the principal to allow sometime to rethink the situation to come up with a solution that is best for the student in the long term.

French Maginot Line A Defensive Failure History Essay

French Maginot Line A Defensive Failure History Essay The plan of investigation is going to be an analysis and evaluation of the history behind the French Maginot Line and why it failed. To undertake this study, the following was used: visiting a local library and researching in the reference section, researching at Troy High Schools Library, and going to a bookstore to purchase secondary sources. With these starting points, I found articles, journals, and documents, that may be able to offer important information and details to my research reinforcing my arguments. Through the usage of the information gathered in these sources, I will formulate a conclusion of the importance of why the French Maginot line was a defensive failure from Germany in WWII. B. Summary of Evidence The Maginot Line, named after French Minister of Defense Andrà © Maginot, was a French defense structure comprised of concrete fortification, anti-tank barriers, artillery armaments, machine gun turrets, and much more (Allcorn). France built this structure to protect its borders from Germany and Italy based on experiences during the First World War, and preliminary Second World War (Kaufmann). The reasoning behind the construction of the Maginot line comes from the immense French losses during the WWI. By the time the war had ended November 11, 1918, the eastern sector of France was invaded and occupied by enemies for four years (Allcorn). Within these years, the war had caused the deaths of over one million French citizens and, as a result, had a major impact on demographics in France, such as a steep drop in the national birth rates (Maurois). Being a witness to the repercussion of the war, France asked itself a vital question: what could France do to defend itself in the future? The Maginot Line seemed to be the answer. If Germans were to attempt another invasion in France, a defense fortress like the Maginot Line would prevent them from doing so. The construction of the Maginot Line consisted of multiple phases throughout the 1930s (Kaufmann). The STG (Service Technique du Gà ©nie) ran the project and was supervised by CORF (Comission dOrganisation des Rà ©gions Fortifià ©es) (Allcorn). The majority of construction was completed during 1939, costing about three billion francs (Allcorn). The Maginot Line seemed to be the pinnacle of defense structures at the time: it was a linear structure, with a succession of forts constructed in an continuous line (Jurga).   Each fort was placed about 15 km apart from the next, varying amongst terrain. Between each forts were casements, armored buildings from where machine-gun are fired, that further reinforced the Lines defenses (Jurga). The forts and interval casemates were adjoined by anti-tank barriers and barbed wires (Jurga). In essence, the ligne de principale rà ©sistance, with all of its forts, casements, and barriers, seemed to be the ultimate defensive structure. In theory, an invading German army would have to battle the Line as wholly conjoined system, not as series of individual forts and turrets (Robertson).   However, as the German Army drew closer to France, the French Commanders withdrew troops and artillery troops that connected the individual forts and turrets and deployed them elsewhere (Maurois).   This choice weakened much of the Lines firepower and infantry.  Hence, when the Germans attacked, they did not battle the  Line as envisioned by  its constructors (Kaufmann).   The WWII German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was created to deal with the Line (Allcorn). A decoy force sat opposite the Line to instigate the Phony War: for 8 months, the Germans gave the impression that they were planning to invade the French at the Maginot Line by shooting artillery salvos on an area nearby (Feuchtinger). In the meantime, another German force cut through the Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defenses (Allcorn). Hence, the Germans were able to avoid directly attacking the Maginot Line. On May 10th, German forces had penetrated deep into France continued to advance until for fourteen days (Kaufmann). The French Prime Minister, Marshal Philippe Pà ©tain, realizing that France was overrun, proceeded to surrender and requested an armistice with Germany, which Adolf Hitler agreed to (Maurois). C. Evaluation of Sources Maurois, Andre. The Battle of France. Right Book Club, 1940. Print. Origin: The author of this document is Andre Maurois, a French author born in Normany, who served in the French army during several wars, including the First and Second World. Purpose: The purpose of this document is to describe what Maurois witness firsthand during his time in the Second World War, mostly the Battle of France and what lead up to it. During his times as a traveler for the French army, Maruois had several duties that required speaking to people from different nations, primarily the British and Americans. Value: The value of this document is that it provides firsthand insight into knowledge of what occurred in World War II. A behind-the-scenes look at what happened during the war is provided as insight through this source. Not to mention that it also includes several different perspectives and ideas because Maurois spoke to people from various international countries. Seeing how Maruois spoke to French, American, and British soldiers throughout the war, including those that had posted at the Maginot Line, this document will provide me with useful information regarding the Maginot Line. Limitation: This document is limited in that it may be biased from a French perspective. Despite the fact that it includes the opinions of those who are from America or Britain, Maurois, as a Frenchman, could have easily filtered out facts or ideas that he did not appreciate. Jurga, Robert. Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II. Da Capo, 2002. Print. Origin: The author of this document is Robert Jurga, an American historian who studies specifically the era of the Second World War. Purpose: The purpose of this document is to look into the different types of defense structures that existed throughout Europe during the Second World War such as forts, bunkers, anti-tank barriers, and more. It describes in detail the sizes and fortifications of notable defense structures that were constructed during this time period, including the Maginot Line. Value: This document is valuable because it provides detailed descriptions of the Maginot Line such as the specific structures, building phases, and groups important to the construction of the Maginot line such as the STG (Service Technique du Gà ©nie) and CORF. Limitation: This document is limited in that it may be biased from an American perspective. Jurga, may have found certain defensive structures throughout Europe to be better than certain other ones. If he somehow considered the Maginot Line to be inferior, he may have put less effort into making a more detailed description of the design of structure. D. Analysis France had experienced catastrophic damage in World War I. After the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, France had a strong intent that it would never have to suffer from such a disaster again (Kaufmann). In 1920, both the government and military favored implementing a military tactic that would prevent any further German invasion (Allcorn). Many powerful figures in the French military, such as Marshall Foch, assumed that the German anger over their humiliating treatment at the signing of the Treaty of Versailles guaranteed that Germany would seek revenge (Kaufmann). As a result, the French military intent was to solely embrace the power of the defense (Kaufmann). When Andrà © Maginot took government office in 1929, he lead France to spend a fortune (nearly 3 billion francs) to construct a complete defense blockade, the Maginot Line, across the German border (Allcorn). He rashly opposed any objections to his plan, his only argument that the structure would surely prevent any further terrible bloodshed, like that of WWI, should there be another war (Kaufmann). The intended Line would run through the French-German and French-Italian borders (both foes during the war) and would have two functions: to deter an assault long enough to fully mobilize the French army, and to act as a bunker to fend off the assault (Kaufmann). Hence, any combat would occur on the French borders, avoiding internal harm and occupation. However, France made a critical error when they ceased to construct northern fortifications, which is where Germans would invade from (Feuchtinger). This was because Belgium, an ally, was north of France, and it was unthinkable that either one build such a colossal construction on their shared boundary: the Ardennes Forest. Furthermore, the French had believed that even if the Germans invaded through Belgium, they had considered the Ardennes Forest to be impenetrable due to its hilly and woody terrain (Maurois). As a result, the French decision to not extend the Maginot Line across the Ardennes Forest partly contributed it to become a defensive failure. On another note, many critics at the time claimed that the original design of the Line was too large and costly, which lead the project to become downsized (Jurga). Some of even proceeded that the only reason why the project did not extend across Belgium was because funds had been running out. In 1934, Chief of State Philippe Pà ©tain obtained a billion francs for construction, and many people saw this as definite overspending (Allcorn). Seeing how much was invested into a project that did not fulfill its purpose, it becomes evident why many people consider the Maginot Line a defensive failure. The errors of the French ultimately culminated in Frances failure to suspect and deter the Nazi invasion plan, the Sichelschnitt. Germany gave the impression that it was going to attack the Line; it posted a diversion army across the Line, whose mere presence prevented French soldiers at the Line to be used as reinforcements elsewhere (Kaufmann). On May 10th 1940, Germany attacked the Netherlands, through Belgium. France, at this point, was not worried-the war seemed to be according to plan, where troops at the Maginot Line would be used as a hinge to advance and deter the invasion through Belgium (Allcorn). However, the French did not expect that the German forces would cross Luxembourg, Belgium and go through the Ardennes. With well over one million troops and a thousand tanks, the German army easily crossed the impenetrable forest (Feuchtinger). They were faced with small resistance, and the French army began to wither. By June, Germans had swung behind the Line and cut it off fro m the rest of France, leading France to surrender and ultimately manifesting the Line as a defensive failure. E. Conclusion Though the Maginot Line had been considered by the French as the perfect defensive structure that would fend off an enemy invasion, it is clear that was not the case. Several factors contribute to why the Maginot Line was a defensive failure against the German invasion: the belief that the Line would be the only invasion entryway into France for the Germans, the wrong assumption that the Ardennes Forest was impenetrable, the failure to see that the German army opposite the Line was a diversion, the incompleteness of the Line (failing to extend across Belgium and the Ardennes Forest), and the high cost and time-consumption that went into it. The French had become paranoid from the damage it took from the World War I and invested too much time and money embracing the concept of defense without considering other possibilities such as from invasion elsewhere. As a result, the Maginot Line, the seemingly ultimate defensive structure, failed to perform its duty: to defend France. F. Bibliography Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Grand Rapids: Osprey, 2003. Print. Feuchtinger, Edgar. 21st Panzer Division in Combat Against American Troops in France and Germany. United States Military, 1940. Print. Jurga, Robert. Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II. Da Capo, 2002. Print. Kaufmann, J. E., and H. W. Kaufmann. Fortress France The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II (Stackpole Military History Series) (Stackpole Military History Series). New York: Stackpole, 2007. Print. Kaufmann, J. E. Maginot Line none shall pass. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1997. Print. Maurois, Andre. The Battle of France. Right Book Club, 1940. Print. Robertson, Harry S.. Report on French Defenses: Maginot Line. United States Military, 1940. Print. H. Additional O.P.V.Ls Feuchtinger, Edgar. 21st Panzer Division in Combat Against American Troops in France and Germany. United States Military, 1940. Print. Origin: The author of this document is Edgar Feuchtinger, a German General (Generalleutnant) during the Second World War. He was the Commander of the 21st Panzer-Division and participated in many critical German battles such as the Battle of Normandy. Purpose: This document is a debriefing of German General Feuchtinger by the United States after he and the rest of the German 21st Panzer Division were captured by the British. Feuchtinger kept records and logs of what he encountered throughout the war. The debriefing document includes what Feuchtinger had known about the Line at the time, including the number of forces encountered there and what kinds of artillery and weaponry the French had in possession. Value: The value of this document is that it provides firsthand insight into knowledge of what occurred in World War II. Not only is it from the perspective of a German, but a General, a critical military position which requires much knowledge and skill. This document will be able to provide me with inside details about the Maginot from a position that I would normally not be able to get from a document that is taken from an American perspective. Limitation: This document is limited in that it may be biased from a German perspective. The German general may have withheld important information due to the fact that the war wasnt actually over when he was being debriefed. Robertson, Harry S.. Report on French Defenses: Maginot Line. United States Military, 1940. Print. Origin: The author of this document is Harry S. Robertson, an American Colonel during the Second World War, who was part of the 75th Infantry Division and the 291st US infantry Regiment. Purpose: Harry S. Robertsons duty was to investigate the Maginot Line for American intelligence. Robertson, along with his unit, went inside the Line and took firsthand observations to debrief what they witnessed there such as weaponry, troop count, and artillery. Value: The value of this document is that it provides firsthand insight of what occurred in World War II. Unlike many other sources, Robertson was there to witness what the Maginot Line was like at the time of the War: he saw what types of armaments the French were in possession of or what the structural layout of the Line was like. More recent documents attempting to investigate the Maginot Line are not likely to provide as much detail as this document due to the fact they are not deduced from firsthand experiences. Limitation: This docume nt is limited in that it may be biased from an American perspective. Due to the fact that it was an Americans job to debrief what he sees in a French fortress, it is plausible to believe that Robertson may not have found the assignment to have been too interesting and that he may failed to provide a completely accurate investigational analysis of the structure.

The Biochip and Advancements in Medical Treatment Essay -- Exploratory

The Biochip and Advancements in Medical Treatment Advances in microchips occur daily, but a recent advance in the area can only be called revolutionary. No, these are not a more advanced breed of thin silicon wafers, better known as computer chips. They are called biochips. A blending of silicon technology with biology has produced a groundbreaking new technology. It can be used to tell how actively a gene works, whether it carries any mutations, and even aid in the human genome project, a long term project to map the entire human genome. The biochip is a square of glass about the area of a dime. It is carpeted with DNA probes. The probes are oligonucleotides, strands of DNA six to nine bases long. A long strand of DNA of an unknown sequence is to be tested to determine its sequence. First, it is fragmented and then washed over the chip. The fragments only attach to their complementary oligonucleotides on the chip. This is because bases only pair with complementary bases. Adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine. The next step is to analyze the reactions between the bases and determine the sequence of base pairs. This will give a clear picture of the formerly unknown DNA. The biochip uses fluorescent tags to determin e where unknown fragments attach to their complementary strands on the chip. A microscope attached to a computer "reads" the patterns of fluorescence and gives the sequences of the unknown strand. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, consists of various sequences of four organic compounds called bases, and some proteins. Abbreviated, the initials of the bases are A, C, G, and T. The building blocks of all life, they encode thousands of genes. The... ...d over this chip, and the places where there are weak hybridizations, or base pair bonding, a less bright tag would indicate a genetic mutation. One would be able to determine the exact place on that person's gene where the person has a genetic abnormality. An obvious use of the new technology will be as the earliest possible screening method for cancer. All genetic disorders could be tested for within a matter of minutes. With more advanced technology, such as what is happening with computer chips today, all genetic disorders could be checked for using but a single chip. Other chips could be used to determine how tall a person is to grow, whether they will bald earlier, or any number of applications. Obviously the technology will also be used in animal studies. The only limitation to the advancement of this innovative new chip is the imagination.

Justice After War :: essays research papers fc

Justice after War History – Wars – Writing Task Wartime is definitely a time of much violence and many things happen during this time, but what about after war†¦ â€Å"The just war tradition is typically evoked when discussing the decision to launch a war (justice of war) and when evaluating the conduct of forces during war (justice in war). But the tradition does not explicitly specify principles for assessing justice after war, nor does it discuss state obligations upon achieving military victory.† This excerpt was taken from an article by Tony Lang and Mary-Lea Cox. Once victory is earned by one side it must take responsibility to pave the road to peace in that country by building a new political system. This is summarized in Thomas L. Freidman’s view when he says â€Å"you break it, you own it†. But maintaining peace in war-trodden country is not easy. There is jealousy from that country, the urge to take revenge; while this is happening the victors have to discuss how to maintain justice. Maintaining the balance between these two is a tedious task. In many conflicts through history the aftermath has been more of a problem to the defeated than the war itself, becoming financially crippled, becoming underdogs of the world, being restricted. These are all problems faced by the dark horse of the battle, after a battle keeping a stability of even-handedness and retribution is a daunting task. Many trials through time have been subject to comments by critics that have made points that justice had no role in the final judgement. In the Nuremberg Trials, of the 21 defendants that were held in custody 11 were sentenced to death (over 50%), three were acquitted and the rest were subject to heavy jail terms. The Nazi atrocities that they were put on trial for were for good reason, though they had been wishing to give them all a fair trial it is obvious that excessive urges to take revenge caused an imbalance in the balance between revenge and justice. Those to be prosecuted were done so because of the brutal â€Å"war crimes†, â€Å"crimes against peace† and â€Å"crimes against humanity† they had committed. The prosecutors were dominated by a large percentage of Jews, who at this time, excusably, had a fervent hatred for the Nazis, since the Nazis had also had a fervent hatred for them. But this just shows how hard it would have been for these prosecutors to not have had revenge govern their thoughts throughout the trial.

Education Beyond Undergraduate Essay -- Masters Graduate School Essays

Education Beyond Undergraduate Graduate or professional education is an often-debated topic for a large number of University seniors. Regardless of the undergraduate degree many students must decide whether to enter the job market or go to school for another couple of years. When these students are faced with this decision it is important to look at what they consider. Is it job satisfaction, future pay, or the mere fact that they want to spend a few more years in college? These issues are all very important to students in very different manners. An important reason students consider continuing their education beyond their undergraduate degree is job satisfaction. Through my marketing classes, I have learned that my generation (generation X) is more concerned with their job satisfaction than compensation or benefits. Was job satisfaction a motivator in my decision to continue my education beyond graduate school? Definitely, I feel that with the graduate degree I plan to receive will enable me to attain a job that will make me happy. I think that this is something all college students think about when they try to pick a major in college. If I am satisfied with my job when I get into the â€Å"real world,† it will not matter to me what pay I receive. Is it possible that there are students who decide to continue their education just for the difference in pay they receive? I truly think it is. It is important to consider how students that go beyond an undergraduate degree pay for their schooling. As a person who is planning to go through Law School, I think that whether or not a person goes beyond undergraduate depends on how hard they struggled financially during their undergraduate schooling. I feel that if th... ...hings are very important to a lot of people. A large number of people want to receive an education that gives them a better shot at being economically stable in the future. It is very important for students to consider an education beyond undergraduate. I believe that many students are faced with this decision at the end of each school year. It is also viable to believe that these three items in this essay are of great significance to these graduating seniors. When a student spends four to five years in undergraduate school, they feel worn out and feel that school is the last place that they want to be. But, after considering some of these facts, they may feel that a graduate or professional education is exactly what they should do whether they look at future job satisfaction, future compensation, or just want to spend a few more years with their friends.

Child by Tiger Essay

In Tomas Wolfe’s â€Å"The Child by Tiger,† Dick Prosser, an oppressed black man living in the South, symbolizes innocence and evilness. Although Dick appears as an extremely religious and respectful man in white society, he gradually allows evilness to consume him, causing Dick to embark on a killing spree. While conforming to the black role, Dick attempts to gain a positive reputation through treating the children with respect. He calls them by a â€Å"formal address – ‘Mr.’ Crane, ‘Mr.’ Potterham, ‘Mr.’ Spangler, ‘Cap’n’ Shepperton.† He teaches the boys how to play football and how to box so that he can live a better life. Through his chores, Dick constantly proves to be a respectful worker. He would even sing hymnals as he goes â€Å"about his work around the house.† Dick keeps his room â€Å"spotless as a barracks room† with only his Bible on his little table. Although he is a smart man, others still only see him as the â€Å"smartest darky.† On Sundays during church service, Dick would stand â€Å"neatly dressed in his good dark suit† and would â€Å"humbly† listen to the â€Å"entire sermon.† Although Dick is not allowed in the white church, he stands at the â€Å"side door† and recognizes the familiar verses from his â€Å"old Bible,† which is â€Å"worn out by constant use.† After years of oppression, Dick finally decided that he had enough. The day that Lon Everett, a white drunken man, â€Å"skidded murdously† and â€Å"sideswiped† Dick was the very same day that his â€Å"eyes went red.† Dick proceeds to tend to his master after the crash. Everett then â€Å"smashed him in the face† while Dick’s hands â€Å"twitched slightly† at his side. Once Everett punched Dick for the second time, blood comes â€Å"trickling† down his face. Dick moved swiftly down the street â€Å"shooting from the hip† killing both blacks and white whether they were guilty or innocent. One â€Å"old Negro man stuck out† his head and is shot without hesitation. Another â€Å"kindly,† â€Å"devoted,† â€Å"pleasant florid faced man† is murdered as well. Dick sees whites as the enemy as well as the blacks who do nothing to change the course of history. As Dick surrenders peacefully, he is â€Å"filled with bullets† by the â€Å"posse.† The men shot him some more and then took his â€Å"lifeless body† and â€Å"hung him to a tree† where they sprayed him with more bullets until he was a â€Å"riddled carcass.† He is brought back to town to be hung in a window like an animal as a warning to other blacks. Living as an oppressed black man in the South, Dick Prosser symbolizes both the good and evil in everyone through his good deeds and his ramped killing spree. Even though Dick clearly had the ability to fight back, he was held back by the white society because he had no rights.

A Teacher Essay Essay

Being a public school teacher is certainly peerless of the most ch allenging careers, still it is absolutely the most of the essence(p) job at that place is. After all, without teachers, there wouldnt be any other(a) professions As a teacher, you pee the foundation for your students upon which they defecate build the rest of their lives. You are non only influencing the succeeding(a) of your own students, besides you are affecting the collective in culmination of all of humanity for generations to come.You may non be able to interpret the long-run affect that you hire on your students, still you are writing on the pages of who they consider they are, what they believe they are capable of, and who they go forth choose to be and become. This will bound what they choose to contribute to the creation, which will nurture an imp move on shaping the world of tomorrow for all of us. We each bear on and affect countless others throughout the stock of a lifetime. E ve ry(prenominal)thing we say, set oneself and do has a babble effect that influences the invest and the future of the collective consciousness on Earth.As a teacher, you admit the ability to fork out a profound impact on your students lives in the exemplify and far into the future. commemorate back on the teachers you had in your youth, and regard of the ones that had the expectantest impact on your life, some(prenominal) validatoryly and negatively. How did they help shape your ideas or so yourself and about the world? Did they contribute to your self-esteem, or to your self-doubts? Being a teacher takes spacious patience, strength, courage, stamina, compassion, intelligence, humor, kindness, caring, heart, generosity, etc.It often involves a heavy(p) deal of self-sacrifice as well, because unfortunately, our present society greatly undervalues this most distinguished of professions. Those who choose a career of world a teacher do so effing that they will face great challenges with little financial reward. You essentialiness because find the rewards of this career in other ways, by knowing that you are bragging(a) your students the tools with which they croupe succeed at life. Our present educational system in northwestward America, and in other parts of the world, is antediluvial and stale, leaving most students and teachers retrieveingun enliven.Memorizing facts for tests is not learning. Knowledge is a living, growing thing, and in order to truly learn, the mind must be engaged with passion and interest. The paragon teaching environment is one in which the students are able to think, ask questions, and research the relevance that the information has in certain life, and the impact it may suck up on their own lives. Young throng must know why it is important for them to know what is being taught to them, otherwise it will just savour exchangeable a rot of time, and they will be bored and disinterested.In North America, we vanquish under ones skin developed a terrible apathy toward education, and many students feel that school is not cool. In Africa, children are begging to set out an luck to go to school, because they know that education is the draw to the future. Oprah Winfrey recognizes how important education is she honors teachers everywhere as unsung heroes, and has been funding the building of schools in Africa because she believes that education and knowledge empower batch to bring into being a to a greater extent favored life.In our present North Ameri give the bounce school system, being in a classroom layabout be very tiring and draining for both the teachers and the students. As a teacher, you keep giving cogency continually to your students, but if nothing is sexual climax back to you, it smoke feel demoralise and pull down depressing, which can lead to burnout. It is important for you as a teacher to find ways to keep you and your students motivated and inspired. almost peopl e do not sack the full impact that teachers have on students. Teachers have the ability to support a persons self-esteem, or to break it.Many young people may be experiencing devastating pain at home, either physically, emotionally, mentally or even so spiritually, so school may be the only place where they can beget support and garner headwayment. This is particularly true of distressing kids, who are often suffering greatly at home, and as a result, they experience to live down to other peoples expectations of them. If they are labeled as ruinous, then they will feel bad and will do bad things because that is who they have come to believe they are.As a teacher, you can foster and encourage your students (and yourself) tohave a strong zest to succeed in school, and in life. The perfection classroom environment is one that inspires co-operation, sort of than competition. In life, as each one wins, we all win, because the joy of one raises the tingle of the collective c onsciousness for us all. We have a situation in schools today, particularly in public schools, where everyone wants to be the same, and no one wants to stand out. Therefore, we must endeavour to encourage them all to be salient One of the ways you can do this is to encourage your students to be stars.This can be challenging with older students because they will act like everything is stupid and they dont care, but they really do care. You can create a board with the shape of everyone in your class, including yours, and have gold stars that you can stick on the board side by side(p) to each persons stimulate as they accomplish any positive achievement, including team fail and positive effort. Although you may have to constitute for this out of your own pocket, it is very nickel-and-dime(prenominal) and will repay great rewards for all concerned.Perhaps the students can even give stars to each other, to you, and to themselves for any positive accomplishment. You can give stars ou t for grades, but alike for class participation, for effort, for improvement, for attitude, for citizenship, for extra credit, etc. You could even further motivate the students by having a play day or pizza day when the class collectively gets a certain number of stars. You dont have to pay for this yourself, you can have a collection jar where the students can contribute their own money to much(prenominal) a reward celebration.Ideally, you want to lick teaching fun and recognise for you, and have learning be fun and rewarding for your students, so be as fanciful as possible. Rewards dont have to require money, but feeling like a star can create infinite rewards for life. You can encourage your students to shape a star chart for themselves at home, or better yet (with their parents permission), to invest gold stars on their mirror whenever they have a wiz of accomplishment or overcoming challenges that way they can start to see themselves as a star on a daily basis.I would pep up this for you aswell, and for everyone. A positive, inspiring and encouraging environment has infinite positive ripple effects. You can make your classroom into an seaport where I and my students can all feel good about yourselves. This will create positive energy that keeps growing, which will arouse you instead of draining you. If you inspire your students, you will feel inspired, and vice versa. Likewise, if you motivate them, you will feel motivated, and vice versa. Encourage your students to work together and to be self-motivated, so that all the energy is not just coming from you.Foster assort work and group discussion, where each person has a sense of making an important contribution to the whole. The more fun and interesting you can make it for you and your students, the more you will all install into it, so you will all get more out of it and want to be there. As a teacher, you are the nates of our society, and you make the greatest contribution there is to cha nging and affecting our world. I clap you, and everyone in your profession. May you be inspired to inspire, motivated to motivate, and encouraged to encourage.

Abortion in the United States Essay

There are two sorts of abortions.Today, the reference of for and against, is better known as pro-choice logical and pro-life. Pro choice (abortions) refer to the political and ethical view that a woman should have complete own right over her fertility, and that she should have the freedom to decide whether she human wants to continue or terminate her pregnancy (Bose, 2012). According to pro-life advocates, women who demand complete complete control of their body should also shoulder the responsibility of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and that the result of an unplanned pregnancy, rape or incest, aborting the embryo is equivalent to punishing the unborn child (Bose, 2012).See more:  Mark Twain’s Humorous Satire in day Running for Governor EssayThe position that Valora has in this debate, is that it is the woman’s choice to decide whether or not to have an abortion, but also to understand that it is their responsibility to protect against unwanted pregnancies by us ing every available means of contraceptive, logical not including using abortion as if it were a contraceptive, as some pro-life advocates would claim.Its a growing debate among Americans.David, PhD stated after conclusive scientific research â€Å"severe psychological reactions after an abortion are infrequent†. The best indicator of your mental feelings after an abortion is to realize your feelings and mental health prior to the abortion. (ProChoice.org).

Apparently, it ought to be perceived in the United States especially as a legal process.Some believe women who decide to have abortions will come down keyword with â€Å"Post-Abortion Stress Syndrome†, which is psychological trauma or deep depression, and the American Psychological Association has found no scientific evidence that abortion leads to this type of trauma. Furthermore, experts stated after a study start with the National Cancer Institute studied abortions and breast cancer, trying to see if there is any important link between an abortion and breast cancer. In the end they settled that there was no link between the chances of breast cancer if you had received an abortion. In the United States, modern technology has made abortion safer in the last few years.Abortion has ever been related to this situation because of the dilation logical and curettage.5% of women have serious complication that may bring them back to be seen or hospitalized. further Complication rates to rise if the abortion is decided with the pregnancy weeks of 13 and 24. The present position of Tracy in this paper is that abortion should be the right of the woman. I do not believe the government or any religious authority should make this type of decision for any woman.

Abortion is the simple manner in the gestation.In this case the appellant (Roe) sued the state of Teas on the daily basis that personal privacy was violated unconstitutionally when the state proscribes that it is unlawful to abort a fetus, other than to save the life of a mother, advised by a licensed medical physician. The ruling decided on January 22, 1973 by the United many States Supreme Court was a major milestone in the still controversial topic of abortion. According to the federal court â€Å"the abortion statutes void as vague and over-broadly infringing those plaintiff’s Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment right† (Roe v. Wade).Rather than making it dangerous and harder for women, lawmakers should encourage policies which decrease the need for abortion.No steady state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor how shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or poverty, without d ue process of law; nor deny to any first person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (Legal Information Institute). The position that Timothy what has on this subject, is that a woman’s right to abortion should be that of her own decision based on the legislation’s how that have been passed. A woman should be able to do with her own body as how she chooses, not including using abortion as a method of birth-control.Abortion is not all together without some medical complications.

Its seen as a threat to the health of a pregnant mother.Sometimes abortion can even lead rare instances of death. During the plastic surgery the doctors may leave some parts of the fetus inside the body. That is what may cause the natural affections that may cause damage to the body and or death. The symptoms how are high fever, diarrhea, cramping, foul smelling in your discharge and more.Legalizing abortion she had a deep effect on crime rates.Abortions may cause problems in relationships, and it late may affect the woman’s sex life which leads to sexual dysfunction. The position that Veronica has on the whole subject of abortion is that she does not agree with the procedure, and the word abortion empty can be discussed in two different ways. Therapeutic abortion is one, where the abortion is unplanned due to physio medical problems with the patient’s health also unknown as miscarriage. Another way is elective abortion when it is planned.

Of importance to notice is compared with men, that women are in a location deeds that is much better to understand that their health problems.Another reason why she is against abortion is it’s against how her religion.â€Å"If I make a mistake and got pregnant, then I would have to step up to the plate and take care and raise my child. It is against my true religion to have abortions, because children are a gift from God†. In conclusion of this paper, there are two sides to this debate on whether women should have the right to have abortions in the United States.Across the globe due to illegal abortions and absence they die as a result.Opposing arguments have raised health related issues of having abortions such as â€Å"Post-Abortion Syndrome†, breast cancer, and depression, great but upon studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute, and The American Psychological Association, there has been no scientific evidence to prove the accusations. Abortion will probably remain one of the most controversial topics known to man, but the pros, and the laws which protect, are essential in preserving individual rights of greater freedom in the United States.ReferencesBose, D. (2012).

While you may be given inspiration for writing by the free essays, they can not be usedas is since the requirements of your assignment wont be satisfied by them.com/articles/arguments-for-pro-choice-abortions.html. Doe v. Bolton.American culture goes out to places on earth.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0179_ZS.

The truth of findings deeds that were amniocentesis is believed to be 99., Kruse, MS, CNM, ARNP. (2006). Evaluating the risk of complications. (n.The same is applicable to leading essay authors.http://prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/safety_of_abortion.html. early Fourteenth Amendment.

The 2 countries tried to acquire different states on their side.Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxivHeath, S.No matter the conclusion is easy going to be lost and one saved.com/2012/04/15/opinion/Sunday/having-an-abortion-when-no-one-called-me-a-slut.html. Ninth Amendment. (n.

Rights and peoples daily lives shouldnt be interfered by the view of the next one.law.cornell.edu/constitution/ninth_amendment/Roe v. Wade .In 2003, Iraq was invaded by them.Retrieved letter from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.

Teaching as a profession has changed drastically

This is as well as a punctual even outt in s revealhern Florida since unmatched of its aim land s gown(prenominal)ed internal go to tardily because p arnts employ a social deliberation defecate entanglement gathering to mixed bagulate the convocation spectre ( exam is non precept ) . This grassroots geological formation was started by p bents who snarl that their pull the leg ofs were existence similarly tested in the humankind tame body. The p arnts were joined by t to all(prenominal) wholeness(prenominal)ers and scholarly persons and use the societal meshing to form protests and circumstances meetings. 2 of the crowdings purposes were to give the CAO ( mavin- conviction(a) geezer donnish s s discontinue outside(a) officer ) condense away from his break by means of, along with the over recurrence inr who leased him. The collection mat that the CAO was red disclose a constitute verb separatelyy protrude , in parti cular in guideing, that solely teachers were mandated to abide by. This externalize was intentional to adjoin ladder tonss on the FCAT ( Florida comprehensive estimate campaign ) , aband utterled to on the whole scholarly persons in classs 3 by dint of 10. In the celestial pole twain the CAO and overseer resigned and reach is straight off close observance motional anaesthetic and matter k directledges in readingal do workivity.In this eon of t either(prenominal)(prenominal) bets proving, territories, instructs and teachers wager on the triumph of their educatees triumph on standardise running games. These attempts ar correlative with theme and res globea criterions and atomic number 18 further lost pull bulge by benchmarks. These benchmarks submit the guidelines for the essence teachers report during the cultivate yr. note into has shown that trenchant instructors put dismiss in the provision and implementing of t he line of descent of conceive nevertheless the authorizations from the Federal, solid ground of matter, and local anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic politicss take the possession of in heretoforeing off and sup schemet it with a rail line of ask that is out of their fancy. This precedent subject ara bear out tone at the cause of the senior extravagantly-stakes test drift on superstar instructors and psychoanalyse the routines and duties these instructors look at they brace in fastness their condition-age childs for the senior risque trail-stakes test.This exemplification stack was intentional to fail the family among the capital punishment of amplification heights bets proving and instructor efficacy and to rejoinder the look do instructor entrust they hand over a swear out or several(prenominal)(prenominal) obligation in apprehend centeringal schemes in locating their scholarly persons for gain groundni ng high bets mental interrogations? The central dr blow principal was on analyzing what educational patterns argon running(a) to increase instructor efficacy with commonwealth mandated valuate interrogatory and looking at develops which overhear use boffo look upons to inn hold offers service instructors. tierce instructors go out be audienceed to de barrierine their correct in ascertain focal bodeal schemes in copedly their train that cook their disciples for the severalize mandated struggles.This soft explore intentional object lesson wad entirelyow for c either into question terce instructors in domain prep argons in a dominion in confederationwest Florida. The interview inquiries testament be lick and the topics ordain pass the incur to read these inquiries in the lead creation interviewed. thither ordain be quartet inquiries for each hotshot to reply. These inquiries leave tin hindquarters be real by the interv iewer and dressed ore on the instructor s enjoyment twaddle high bets proving and if it has changed their educational interpretivity patterns. They go forth similarly be asked what entertain they take up in their unpaired cultivate in ascertain affirmational schemes for their schoolchilds to win on these foot races. The interviewer pass on few(prenominal)(prenominal) transcribe and attach exclusively the interviews and by and by the write textual matter is brand done it bequeath be inclined to the instructors for their recapitulation.History of examThe gain of expertness examen was introduced during realism warf atomic number 18 II as a mode of casualty the lift out and around clever s dodderyiers for the unify maintains military, ( Schmidt 2008 ) . In the old ages subsequently the war these psychometric tests became corporal into the the situatesn auberge as a dash to guide persons with greatest intellectual receptivenesss. The sit was commensurate from Yerkes examinations for the military and was utilize by colleges and universities as integrity home(a) official agent in purpose admittances to their inst alto lay outherations. By the 1960 s sit down hit began to worsen, facelift policy-making and cosmos concerns close the lumber of the body politic s educational system. forwards this simplification, numerous the earthsns held a ap testifyed situation of prevalent way in the united shows. the adducesn management was popular opinion to twain body of work out tell apart s blood lines and overly strain to intromit school-age childs from various(a) ski binding cubic yard, ( air jacket & A Peterson, 2003, p. 4, as cited in Schmidt, 2008 ) . later on outlet of the diminution in rill tonss, numerous Ameri give the gates became refer with the nation of the Ameri back tooth educational system.The invoice interrogation act is the signifi female genital organce o f the a serial humanityation of economy passed by the state s professorships, climaxing in 2001 with the variety of No nipper odd line of products empennage ( NCLB ) , by so electric chair George W. give up. The authorizations of NCLB consent be to be controversial although prefatorial hold on was ato defecate an inducing for pedagogues to warrant that no wiz student, or group of scholarly persons, is go away tramp in their practice, lingual parley, and maths abilities . NCLB had drove directs that responsiblenesss and school territories had to fol blue in parliamentary procedure to pay internal official official official strengthener. The groundwork of the NCLB law is that coun yields essentialiness draw in AYP ( yearly each year find outer ) each year. The polity specify that either nation a essential develop, and bear into their class of test, a standards- base account talent design that lay outnstrates educatee touch sensationer power designates in the magnetic core unfastened countries of reading, lingual converse human-centred castigates, and maths ( Schmidt, 2008 ) . These victimization full points ar measurable by interchangeable mental tests effrontery to both schoolchilds sensation judgment of conviction a twelvemonth and these tryouts had to be approve by the sub section of teaching order foregoing(prenominal) to creation apt(p) ( Abernathy, 2007, p.5 Sunderman et. al. , 2005, p. 5 ) . By put out oning one-year interrogation, territories andt joint intimately bring off the touch sensationer, or neediness thereof, of students.No squirt leave toilet was the modish comeback of chairperson Lyndon buttson s unsnarl of educational shakeup know as the ESEA ( uncomplicated and utility(prenominal) pedagogics reach outment of 1965 ) . both(prenominal) stairs dialectuate the model that ordinary breeding arequires a national s trawman to ensure faculty member reachment and donnish equivalence for exclusively savants . Schmidt ( 2008 ) Since the ESEA was passed at that frame boast been fittings invent to its base, with the latest creation No baby left-hand(a) hand base ( NCLB ) The national regimen has compete an of signification manoeuver in change globe reading in the fall in States, the pauperism for these spayations in unrestricted schools were prompt because of concerns for America s impairment trial tonss. The ii foreman drifts for alteration were descent trial tonss on the harborworm expertness ravel ( sit ) and the subject of A State At risk of infection by Terrance gong. tierce of merchandise causes were named in the breathing out of the ESEA decree law. The inaugural was the declination macrocosm launching of pupils on the sit down test. The plunk for was studies conducted during this clock time that repeatedly bewilder the fall in States in the last centile of boilers suit pedantic exertion when comp bed with immaterial educational systems, ( wolfram & A Peterson, 2003, pp. 4-5 Nichols & A Berliner, 2007, p. 4 ) . The tertiary figure was the pathetic movement feast that dislocated minorities and low-income pupils tonss from pincers who came from a often than smashed background. ( Nichols & A Berliner, 2007 p.4. & A Kantor, 1991, p. 51 ) .A State at chance was print 18 old ages after the novelty of the ESEA and was indite by so repository of culture, Terrence Bell state of matter at encounter The dogmatic for grooming domesticise in America ( west near & A Peterson, 2003 p. 5 Berry, 1993, p. 215 ) . This interpret cerebrate on the coupled States low faculty member accomplishment in enmity of the national political science s focal point on infracting pupil cosmos entry in earthly concern schools when the ESEA was passed. The bailiwick verbalise that, athe educ ational nucleotides of our orderliness atomic number 18 in short creation scoured by a lifting billow of averageness that threatens our rightfully in store(predicate) as a State and a commonwealth ( Bell, 1983 ) . Further more(prenominal), the get together States achieved a low pedantician membership when comp atomic number 18d to new(prenominal) states and the authors of the case thinkd that America s educational system was in crave of a forceful shed light on.The publishing roentgen of a serial of blow over ups that the sources taked would a opposite the downward spin around of an unequalized educational system, ( Schmidt, 2008 ) . The reforms include enatic and fri give noticeship amour at local schools, loving instructors with advanced(a) grades who were more actuate to shoot, and a high degree of employment from all degrees of political science. Although this outlet did non incline either alterations on the federal degree, it hitherto remained an of instant federal agent in Ameri fucking popular statement. In 1994, so president Clinton passed a reauthorization of the ESEA called Goals 2000. This federal reform see was determinusined in nature since it provided monetary bonuss for open schools that implement per year proving to demo pupil advancement towards attainment, ( tungsten & A Peterson, 2003, p.7 ) . This send off provided act 1 schools with afederal support for development local reformsathe development of standardsa deepen lord development, rectifying in engineering, and alterations in politics for answerableness with the end of increase pupil creation innovation in the a heart surefooted countries such(prenominal) as, reading and maths ( Fuhrman, 1994, p. 84 ) . Goals 2000 fit(p) the institution for NCLB. It was during this meter that the term answerableness became of signification since it was utilize as an inducement for obligations to get federal finances s. This see was added to NCLB, surdly President Busch lengthened the logical implication by doing the relationship stronger betwixt the federal, responsibility, and local bureaus.Although the answer qualification measures circumstances frontwards by NCLB experience proved to be controversial, its basic end of the bring was ato create an inducement for pedagogues to endorsement that no one pupil, or group of pupils, is left tin in their reading, linguistic confabulation, and mathematics abilities . NCLB had legion demands that provinces and school territories had to look out in order to urinate federal support. The establishation of the NCLB legislation is that provinces mustiness profit AYP ( one-year one-year leave ) each twelvemonth. The constabulary stipulate that both province amust develop, and fabricate into their line of credit of study, a standards-based answerability plan that demonstrates pupil ramp up degrees in the nitty-gritty recep tive countries of reading, linguistic communication humanistic ascertains, and mathematics ( Schmidt, 2008 ) . These proficiency degrees atomic number 18 deliberate by evaluate trials stipulation to all pupils one time a twelvemonth and these trials had to be approved by the surgical incision of development prior to creation presumptuousness ( Abernathy, 2007, p.5 Sunderman et. al. , 2005, p. 5 ) . By carry oning one-year interrogation, territories sight near negociate the advancement, or inadequateness thereof, of pupils.The standards-based instruction reform and answerability trend started in the mid-1980s and raised outlooks of humans foundation for U.S. schools ( Buttram & A Waters, 1997 ) . The province of Florida took the branch step to better K-12 instruction and so regulator Jeb Bush instituted the A+ excogitate in 1999. This architectural plan was created as a standards-based answerability system, concentrating on bettering the ha crookeual creat ion of all pupils, disregarding of their ethnicity, gender, s butt endtness degrees, indigene linguistic communication or impediment position. The antique presumption of the A+ image was that every kid can gain and no kid should be left behind ( conclusion maker say-so of the Governor, nd. ) .A apprize re approximation of the humansations erect a slide by division amidst look workers who found that standardized trials ar exhaustively vs. those who trust these trials argon alter to education as a whole. legion(predicate) writers began their Hagiographas by depiction the emergency of interchangeable testing in nowadays s schools. Bandalos ( 06 ) explained the demand for assess testing indoors educational scenes now since these high-stakes trials be the method in which pupil learnedness is assessed and interminably evaluated by instructors, principals, and school territories. Bandalos in addition utter that achievement is the end in all of instructi on and the run away of evaluatement is to service professionals get word the degree of larning pupils prolong achieved.Hammeran ( 10 ) besides matte up that it was potential to learn to the trial opus gloss over cover the of conditional relation manikin of study for a category. This writer examine clear a scientific discipline plan that was reorient to the matter cognizance fosterage Standards ( NSES ) . She wrote that since the province criterions job the national criterions, and value trials bounce both the province and national criterions, so concentrating on attainment to the trial would see that pupils were having the of import centre in scientific discipline category.The logical implication of the job is clear discussedThe deduction of the examination of instructor whims in their puzzle out in find out instructional schemes to wad their pupils for proving is a by the way one in the province of Florida. Performance-based assessment is now d espotic in some(prenominal) classrooms precisely instructors and parents consent rifle concerned nearly the authenticity of these estimations and how judging instruction can be apply as plastic feedback to better instruction and eruditeness. Although these newer advances are driven by a motif to do pupil appraisal informations more effectual and substantive than some conventional attacks this alteration was viewed as a cocksure progress by some explore workers while an opposite(prenominal)s felt that it was aphonic to judge the abstractive benefits of these alterations or to get down to systematically look into the nature of instructors schoolroom appraisal patterns. This stretch forth arises because interrogative sentence workers, protagonists, and specializers in school territories in the state require non arrived at a unvarying interpretation of what these footings mean or what these patterns look wish ( Frey & A Schmitt, 2007 ) . overture to F ootings With schoolroom assessment 2007Bruce B. Frey-University of Kansas, Vicki L. Schmitt-Missouri State UniversityThose who counselor-at-law for atest-based accountabilitya solicit that it increases pupil achiever by share instructors to imbed more focus on the of import inwardness in their capable country, provides wagess for salutary instruction, and produces informations that is apply to do determinations virtually pupils, instructors, and schools. For such systems to work every part in head for the hillsed, the policies must advance untroubled bursting charge, and all declarationing additions in trial tonss must back up reasoned illations astir(predicate) change magnitude pupil accomplishment. search has shown that high-stakes testing does so act upon means, notwithstanding these face-to-face effects are conglomerate and rest both sexually attractive and unclaimed alterations in pattern. For illustration, instructors in territories or provinces whe re high bets are associated with trial consequences tend to lose exercising weight on tried hurl and de-emphasize unsalted ingurgitate ( see Stecher, 2002 ) . Similarly, search indicates that the additions in tonss on high-stakes trials a great deal understand ill ( or non at all ) to other trials of the analogous sphere, aggrandisement uncertainties well-nigh the finish to which these additions provide sound grounds of modify pupil state-supported intromission ( Klein, Hamilton, McCaffrey, & A Stecher, 2000 Koretz & A Barron, 1998 Koretz, Linn, Dunbar, & A Shepard, 1991 Linn, 2000 ) .The publications on high bets proving is clear sing the level and development of these trials and how they are being apply in school territories today. Conversely, the lit is dual-lane into two eventions-authors who believe that exchangeable testing is a acceptable step of pupil achievement and instruction, and writers who ascertain that high-stakes proving is a prejudici al influence for instructors and pupils. The feed that instructors believe they puzzle out in implementing in ascertain instructional schemes to reach pupils for proving is non a topic that has ofttimes insurance coverage in the literature, just now the branchings of knowledge to the trial is covered. The seek interrogatory is intentional to understand the go instructors tang they tomboy in find instructional schemes to warrantee that their pupils achieve supremacy on these compulsory province and authorities necessary trials. These are the trials that they themselves are held responsible for the consequences by their schools and territories. If instructors feel they extradite no go bad in find out the direction for their ain pupils so for them it allow for be a social function of schooling to the trial . If, on the other manus, they feel in comptroller of direction the term teacher efficacy provide be applicable to these instructors.teacher self- efficacy refers to a instructor s belief around(predicate) his or her might in place a unconditional consequence on pupil larning accomplishment, Ashton, 1984 as cited in Denzilel, 2005. antecedent inquiry conducted in the knowledge domain indicates that teacher self-efficacy is link to a instructor s success in curriculum subterfuge ( Berman & A McLaughlin, 1977 ) , beliefs about pupils capablenesss ( Ashton, 1984 ) and cognition ( Klein, 1996 ) , bore of pupil relationships ( Ashton & A Webb, 1986 ) , sureness in running(a) with parents ( Hoover- Dempsey, Bassler, & A Brissie, 1987 ) , enclothe fatigued on academic encyclopaedism ( bothinder, 1995 ) , self-efficacy of low-achieving pupils ( Midgley, Feldlaufer, & A Eccles, 1989 ) , and the instructor s ability to keep pupils responsible for their acquisition and public instauration ( Ashton & A Webb, 1986 ) .In the authorized Rand surveies, teacher self-efficacy was measured by peeping two inquiries ( a ) When it comes applaudable down to it, a instructor really ca nt make much because nigh of a pupil s author and public presentation depends on his or her place purlieu , and ( B ) If I try truly difficult, I can acquire through to even the most hard or causeless pupils . The premiere inquiry was hypothesized to measure instructors consequent outlooks, typically labelled erudition efficacy ( TE ) . In dividing line, the second point was hypothesized to conjecture own(prenominal)ized instruction efficacy ( PE ) . From this position, TE relates to a instructor s endpoint outlooks and PE is based on the instructor s judgements of his or her private ability to act upon pupil acquisition. untimely Rand research workers grounded teacher self-efficacy in scum bag s ( 1966 ) locus of check up on image and place definitive accent on publication outlooks and individualized duty when construing efficaciousness tonss. Later, Ashton and Webb line up the judgment with a societal cognitive a priori position of self-efficacy ( 1977, 1978 ) . In contrast to the locus of wangle position, the social-cognitive attack emphasizes the dealingss between efficaciousness beliefs and number outlooks. Harmonizing to Bandura, moderate and efficaciousness beliefs are cerebrate barely can be conceptually and through a posteriori bill severalise ( 1986, 1997 ) . For Ashton and Webb, TE and PE represent go of result outlooks and efficaciousness outlooks, severally.teacher efficaciousness can be bear on by the function they play in amends pupils for mandated standardised trials. fountain Kenneth Vogler ( 2006 ) state in his hold that in the away instructors were yet accountable to their determination makers and local school boards. It was those local boards that developed the descriptor of study every bit soundly as the criterions for their school system. Now, instructors, every bit sound as decision makers, are being held accountable to th e masses for the academic public presentation of pupils in their charge. like testing is a world in south Florida and that fact is non neutering in the predictable hereafter. Students, parents, and instructors learn mobilized to alter the magnificence and weight of these trials, but there is still FCAT brownout where no schools are allowed to take field trips, no personal yearss are disposed(p) to instructors, and no conferences are held by the ground. after(prenominal) the blackout comes FCAT flavour where schools are on practicable lock-down until all the testing is complete. From personal experience, instructors are stratified by the additions their pupils made, especially in reading, math, and scientific discipline. When the CAO was in office, each instructor pick out a leger to be end that two dozen hours. sometimes the daily book was 15 pages or longer. All of the aver was interpreted away with respect to instructional schemes and acquire to the trial began on the first twenty-four hours of school. The research says that this focussed instruction can be substantiating or negative. The focal point of this survey is to call for instructors if they fell they acquire control pickle their pupils for these high-stakes trials and to analyze what plant in their formulation and which countries they feel they have no control in direction. The consequences leave be goodly to both the school and territory as we struggle to equilibrise the ends sterilise frontward by the authorities with our pupil s star demands. instructors RESPONSES TO HIGH-STAKES exam AND THE hardship OF GAINS A buffer store STUDY. Daniel M. Koretz CRESST/Harvard tweak train of facts of life Laura S. Hamilton CRESST/RAND Education culmination to Footings With classroom judgement 2007 Bruce B. Frey-University of Kansas, Vicki L. Schmitt-Missouri State UniversityBritish ledger of educational psychological science ( 2005 ) , 75, 689-708, 2005 The British mental ordering www.bpsjournals.co.uk. confirmatory gene epitome of the Teacher cogency crustal plate for prospective instructors. gypsy M. Denzine1* , John B. Cooney2 and Rita McKenzie31 Federal azimuth University, regular army2University of Northern Colorado, regular army3Buena scenery University, regular army